AD 102 - Chapters 3 & 4

Which of the following statements concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs are true?

#1. As tolerance to a depressant drug develops, the user also develops tolerance to other downers. #2. As tissue dependence on a depressant drug develops, the user also develops dependence on other drugs in its same chemical family. #3. As tolerance to a drug develops, the user can also develop tolerance to other drugs he actually uses from different chemical families. #4. As tissue dependence on a drug develops, the user can also develop dependence on other drugs in a different chemical family. A. statements 1, 3, and 4 only B. statements 1, 2, and 3 only C. statements 2, 3, and 4 only D. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Page 4.44

Which of the following substances have been abused for their major effects as a sedative-hypnotic?

#1. GBL (gamma butyllactone) #2. Seroquel (quetiapine) #3. Placidyl (ethchlorvynol) #4. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) A. substances 1, 3, and 4 only B. substances 1, 2, and 3 only C. substances 2, 3, and 4 only D. substances 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: B. Pages 4.4, 4.44

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drug's effects. Considering this fact, which of the following symptoms would be expected from opiate withdrawal?

#1. bone, joint, and muscular pain #2. insomnia and anxiety #3. high blood pressure, rapid pulse, and tachycardia #4. pinpoint pupils A. symptoms 1, 3, and 4 only B. symptoms 2 and 3 only C. symptoms 1, 2, and 3 only D. symptoms 1 and 2 only ANSWER: C. Page 4.20

Which of the following alkaloids are found in the sap of the poppy seedpod?

#1. enkephalins #2. morphine #3. endorphins #4. codeine A. alkaloids 1 and 2 only B. alkaloids 2 and 3 only C. alkaloids 1, 2, and 3 only D. alkaloids 2 and 4 only ANSWER: D. alkaloids 2 and 4 only. Pages 4.7

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur

#1. within 40 minutes to 5 hours of use #2. occasionally the morning after use #3. during the stimulatory phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system #4. after the cocaine wears off due to rebound depressant effects on the central nervous system, which slows breathing and heart rate and may cause coma A. results 1 and 3 only B. results 2 and 4 only C. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. none of the above ANSWER: C. Page 3.15

How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?

A. for a few hours B. for the first 24 to 48 hours after detoxification C. for 14 days or more after detoxification D. for three to six months or longer after detoxification ANSWER: C. for 14 days or more after detoxificaiton Page 4.20

Which of the following statements is true regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system?

#1. It prevents the development of addictive behavior. #2. It releases a surge of pleasure that encourages repetition of behaviors intended primarily for survival. #3. It is largely responsible for drives to have sex, eat, and drink (water as well as alcohol). #4. It is activated by dopamine. A. statements 1, 3, and 4 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 2, 3, and 4 only D. statements 1 and 2 only ANSWER: C. Page 4.17

Which of the following statements are true about the way opioids affect the brain's neurochemistry?

#1. Opioids act like endorphins. #2. Opioids can block substance P. #3. Opioids block dopamine to prevent pain. #4. Opioids only limit physical pain. A. statements 1 and 2 only B. statement 2 only C. statement 4 only D. statements 1, 2, and 3 only ANSWER: A. statements 1 and 2 only. Pages 4.2, 4.13

Which of the following statements are true about sexual activity for someone under the influence of methamphetamine?

#1. The rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for sexual activity. #2. Methamphetamine increases sexual desire. #3. Methamphetamine can increase aggression and violence. #4. Methamphetamine use, even at low levels, shuts down sexual desire. A. statements 1 and 4 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 3 only D. statements 1, 3, and 4 only ANSWER: C. Pages 3.28

When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, which of the following occurs?

#1. The user becomes exhausted. #2. Emotional depression sets in. #3. The user becomes hyperactive. #4. Extreme confidence sets in. A. results 1 and 2 only B. results 2 and 4 only C. results 1, 3, and 4 only D. results 1, 2, and 3 only ANSWER: A. Results 1 and 2 only. Pages 3.5, 3.14, 3.27

For how long does the high from amphetamine generally last?

A. 15 minutes B. 90 minutes C. 4 to 6 hours D. 12-24 hours ANSWER: C. 4 to 6 hours. Page 3.25

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways?

#1. increase the brain's electrical activity #2. increase the brain's chemical activity #3. increase central nervous systems activity #4. increase peripheral nervous systems activity A. results 1 and 3 only B. results 2 and 4 only C. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. none of the above ANSWER: C. Results 1, 2, 3, and 4. Page 3.2, 3.30, 3.36

Which of the following contributed to the increase in tobacco smoking prior to 2000?

#1. mass production, leading to lower prices #2. aggressive marketing strategies #3. nicotine, as the addictive compound in tobacco #4. the fact that one pinch of chewing tobacco delivers more nicotine than one cigarette A. options 1 and 2 only B. options 2 and 3 only C. options 1, 2, and 3 only D. options 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Page 3.44

Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will do which of the following?

#1. prolong and intensify cocaine's effects #2. cancel each other out because one is a stimulant and one is a depressant #3. create cocaethylene, which increases violent tendencies #4. create narcalon, which decreases the stimulant effects of cocaine A. results 2 and 4 only B. results 1 and 3 only C. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. none of the above ANSWER: B. Results 1 and 3 only. Pages 3.12-3.13

Among those who try a cigarette, what percentage will become daily habitual smokers?

A. 2% B. 25% C. 50% D. 80% ANSWER: B. Page 3.50

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

A. Depressants increase rate of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. B. Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate. C. Depressants cause muscle rigidity and cramping. D. Depressants make people excited and alert. ANSWER: B. Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate. Page 4.2

"Nociceptive" means pain cause by

A. diabetes B. nerve disease C. stroke D. external stimuli of pain receptors ANSWER: D, Page 4.12

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

A. liquor, heroin, barbiturates B. alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics C. opiates, opioids, heroin D. sedatives, hypnotics, alcohol ANSWER: B. Pages 4.2

Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not a correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it?

A. oxycodone | Percodan, Percocet B. oxycodone | OxyContin C. diacetylmorphine | Suboxone D. hydrocodone | Vicodin ANSWER: C. Suboxone is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone. Pages 4.30

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ____________ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.

A. painful stimuli B. bright light C.loud noises D. painful memories ANSWER: A. Pages 4.13-4.14, 4.17, 4.19

Which of the following statements are true about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

#1. The use of stimulants in small doses helps focus attention and reduces hyperactivity. #2. For children with ADHD, excessive fidgeting helps them focus on the task at hand. #3. Drugs prescribed for ADHD are generally not diverted to non-medical uses. #4. Stimulant drugs taken for ADHD reduce symptoms by increasing the release of dopamine and serotonin. A. statements 1 and 2 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: C. Pages 3.29-3.30

Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following?

#1. depletion of the body's energy resources #2. enhancement of the body's energy resources #3. cellular and organ damage #4. paranoia A. results 1 and 4 only B. results 2, 3, and 4 only C. results 1, 3, and 4 only D. results 2 and 3 only ANSWER: C. Results 1, 3, and 4 only. Pages 3.6, 3.12, 3.13

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to which of the following?

#1. hereditary predisposition #2. altered brain chemistry #3. craving for the high #4. desire to avoid the crash A. options 1 and 2 only B. options 2 and 3 only C. options 1, 2, and 4 only D. options 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Page 3.16

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following?

#1. over-the-counter and look-alike downers, including antihistamines #2. skeletal muscle relaxants #3. sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines #4. anabolic steroids A. drugs 1, 3, and 4 only B. drugs 1, 2, and 3 only C. drugs 2, 3, and 4 only D. drugs 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: B. Pages 4.2

Treatment for addiction to opiates, including synthetics and semi-synthetics, is most successful when which of the following are included?

#1. physical detoxification #2. psychological correction #3. medication/replacement therapy #4. participation in a recovery community A. treatments 1, 3, and 4 only B. treatments 1, 2, and 3 only C. treatments 2, 3, and 4 only D. treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. The combination of all four of these factors is considered the most successful means of sustained recovery for addiction to opiates. Pages 4.25, 4.30

Which of the following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

#1. selective tolerance to some effects of a sedative-hypnotic but not to its toxic effects #2. misperception that prescription medications are much safer than street drugs #3. increased monitoring of medications being prescribed #4. ignorance of the addictive and synergistic effects of sedative-hypnotics A. factors 1, 3, and 4 only B. factors 1, 2, and 3 only C. factors 1, 2, and 4 only D. factors 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: C. Page 4.37, 4.38

Stimulants force the release of which of the following neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it?

#1. serotonin #2. epinephrine #3. dopamine #4. norepinephrine A. neurotransmitters 1 2, and 3 only B. neurotransmitters 2, 3, and 4 only C. neurotransmitters 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. none of the above ANSWER: C. Page 3.2

Which of the following are physical reactions to stimulant use?

#1. tachycardia #2. weight loss #3. blood vessel constriction #4. elevated blood pressure A. reactions 1 and 2 only B. reactions 2 and 3 only C. reactions 1, 2, and 3 only D. reactions 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Page 3.5-3.6, 3.13, 3.60

Which of the following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among U.S. military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan

#1. the stress of years of war and combat #2. the availability of prescription opiates like hydrocodone and oxycodone #3. the availability of heroin #4. post-traumatic stress A. factors 1, 3, and 4 B. factors 1, 2, and 3 C. factors 2, 3, and 4 D. factors 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Page 4.26

Naltrexone is prescribed for which of the following uses?

#1. to break the cycle of addiction to opioids and prevent relapse #2. to break the addiction to alcohol and reduce alcoholic cravings #3. to break the cycle of cocaine addiction and reduce cravings for cocaine #4. to support smoking cessation and break nicotine addiction A. uses 1, 3, and 4 only B. uses 1, 2, and 3 only C. uses 2, 3, and 4 only D. uses 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANSWER: D. Pages 4.32-4.33

How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last?

A. 1 minute B. 5 to 20 minutes C. 40 to 60 minutes D. 2 to 3 hours ANSWER: B. Page 3.18

What is the half-life of caffeine?

A. 40 minutes B. 1 to 2 hours C. 3 to 7 hours D. 24 to 48 hours ANSWER: C. Page 3.41

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

A. 5 to 10% B. about 30% C. more than 50% D. more than 80% ANSWER: C. Page 4.45

Which of the following statements about opioids is true?

A. Alcohol can help counteract the stimulant effects of opioids. B. There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop. C. Opioid use is self-limiting. D. Synthetic opiate prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, are not addictive. ANSWER: B. Tolerance to opiates/opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within just a few days. Page 4.19

Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level?

A. It increases the farther it is from the original source location. B. It varies from 10% to 70%. C. It is relatively constant because it is plant based and natural. D. It is neutralized when mixed with cocaine. ANSWER: B. The DEA estimates heroin purity at from 10% to 70%.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Prescription drug abuse affects only a select social class. B. Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids. C. OxyContin affects the body in ways that are entirely different from heroin. D. Making prescription drugs available over the counter would reduce their abuse potential. ANSWER: B. Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids, specifically. Page 4.6

Which of the following best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking?

A. The risk of heart attack is eliminated within a week of quitting. B. Lung cancer rates to drop to the rate of nonsmokers after 40 years of nonsmoking. C. Within just 20 minutes of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature of hands and feet drop to normal. D. Within five days coughing, sinus congestion, and shortness of breath decrease. ANSWER: C. Page 3.54

Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?

A. because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death B. because it is a combination of licit and illicit drugs C. because they increase heart rate and respiration and can cause a heart attack D. because they increase the potential of the user's becoming chemically dependent ANSWER: A. Combination use of downers results in additive and synergistic depressant effects. Pages 4.25, 4.38, 4.44

The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of

A. biker gangs like the Hell's Angels B. renegade pharmaceutical and industrial chemists C. Mexican gangs and drug cartels D. Colombian cartels ANSWER: C. Pg. 3.60

Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high?

A. chewing pure coca leaves B. snorting powdered cocaine C. smoking crack cocaine D. ingestion of cocaine in a beverage ANSWER: C. Pg. 3.16

For treating ADHD, the most the most common alternative therapies to prescription medications for treating ADHD are

A. dietary changes and nutritional supplements B. apathy training C. exercise D. meditation ANSWER: A. Page 3.30

Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a(n)

A. emetic B. muscle relaxant C. topical anesthetic D. all of the above ANSWER: C. Page 3.11

Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects a smoker?

A. increases blood pressure and heart rate B. stimulates appetite C. satisfies the nicotine craving for the rest of the day D. all of the above ANSWER: A. Page 3.46

Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as

A. inverse tolerance B. negative drug reinforcement C. positive drug reinforcement D. reverse tolerance ANSWER: B. Page 3.49

Which of the following is not a plant-based stimulant?

A. khat bush B. betel nut C. ephedra bush D. mephedrone ANSWER: D. mephedrone. Mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant. Page 3.34 - 3.35

Cocaine epidemics

A. last for centuries B. occur in cycles every few generations C. are fictitious D. have been exaggerated ANSWER: B. Page 3.6

Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose?

A. naloxone B. tramadol C. amphetamine D. methamphetamine ANSWER: A. naloxone. Page 4.7

Which of the following is not a street name for methcathinone?

A. plant food B. betel nut C. M-KAT D. meow ANSWER: B. betel nut. Betel nut is a plant, not a synthetic drug. Page 3.34

Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called.

A. pseudo amphetamines B. amphetamine congeners C. look-alikes D. amphetamine analogues ANSWER: B. Pg. 3.29

On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?

A. skeletal system B. muscular system C. digestive system D. cardiovascular system ANSWER: D. Pages 3.13

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to

A. the hallucinations produced by psychedelics B. the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS C. the canceling effect that occurs when you take two or more drugs (e.g., one upper and one downer) D. the length of time a drug is detectable in urine ANSWER: B. The combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS. Pages 4.25, 4.44

Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in which of the following?

A. the zero sum effect because they cancel each other out B. prolonging the effects of cocaine C. a reduction in the time the effects of cocaine last D. a reduction in cardiovascular risks the day after cocaine use ANSWER: B. prolonging the effects of cocaine. Pages 3.13

T or F Allodynia is a painful response to a normally pain-free stimulus, often as a result of long-term opiate/opoid use.

ANSWER: True p. 4.14