Adaptive Immunity
Also called specific or adaptive immunity, gained after birth as a result of the immune system, the immune system has to work to give us this immunity, can be active or passive
Acquired Immunity
Humoral cells are
Activated in bacterial infections
Produced by an individual after natural exposure or immunization and develop its own antibodies
Active Immunity
Cell-mediated immune response against unmatched HLA antigens
Acute Graft Reactions
A vaccination is an example of
Adaptive Immunity
The immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against tissues of another individual
Alloimmune Diseases
Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species: Transplant rejection, transfusion reactions, rh incompatibility
Alloimmunity
Innate immunity is...
Always present, attacks non self microbes, does not distinguish between different microbes
Severe type 1 reaction; rapid mast cells response after exposure then it becomes systemic; drop in blood pressure, contractor of smooth muscle and closes airway; this is an emergency
Anaphylactice
Immunoglobulin is the same thing as an
Antibody
What binds with antigen which stimulates their production; specific type of protein
Antibody (Immunoglobulin)
A molecule that is capable of inducing a detachable immune response when introduced into the body; causes immune response to react; virus, bacteria, fungi, pollen, foods, drugs, transfusions
Antigen
What prevents the toxins from binding to tissue cells and is removed by phagocytosis?
Antigen Antibody Complex
Adaptive immunity...
Attacks specific microbes (antigens), develops after exposure to specific antigen
The immune system reacts against self-antigens and destroys host tissues
Autoimmune Diseases
When your body recognizes self-antigens as foreign; self antigens not normally seen by the immune system
Autoimmunity
Responsible for humoral immunity or immunoglobulin-mediated immunity, typically activated in bacterial infection, capable of differentiating into plasma cells and memory cells
B Lymphocytes
B cells mature in the
Bone marrow
CD 4 and CD 8 are
Cell Mediated
Functions against bacteria, parasites, and all viruses
Cell Mediated
T cells are
Cell Mediated
What produces lymphokines
Cell Mediated
Months or years; Inflammtory damage to endothelial cells of vessel as a result of a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA antigens
Chronic Graft Reactions
Cascade activated by immunoglobulins; produces immune mediators that contribute to inflammation
Complement Cascade
Individuals with immunodeficiencies may repeatedly develop frequent, severe, and unusual infections and are often unable to fight them. This is a...
Consequence of Immunodeficiency
Cytotoxic T Cells...
Destroy infected cells (killer cells)
Plasma cells are also called
Effector cells and they produce the antibody (the working cell)
Mechanisms of innate immunity are...
Epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and cell messenger molecules
T or F: Active immunity is achieved quicker than passive immunity?
FALSE
Inflammation of the kidney caused by an immune response and systemic erythrematous
Glomerulonephritis
Antibodies destroy thyroid gland, overproduction of thyroid hormones-an example of type II hypersensitivity
Graves Disease
T-cells that secrete protein messengers
Helper T Cells
Processed in the cell and then placed on the surface
Histocompatibility Complex Molecules (MHC)
B cells are
Humoral
Circulating in the blood
Humoral
Production of antibodies happens in
Humoral
Also known as antibody-mediated immunity, mediated by production of immunoglobulins by B lymphocytes, assisted by the complement system
Humoral Immune Response
Mechanisms of adaptive immunity are...
Humoral immunity (antibodies from B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
Immediate and rare; preexisting antibody to the antigens of the graft
Hyperacute Graft Rejection
Found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, and bile; defense against pathogens on exposed surfaces of the body, especially in the respiratory and Gi tracts
IgA -Passed through breast milk
Low concentration in the plasma; appears to be important for the maturation and differentiation of all B cells
IgD -Elevated in chronic infections
Responsible for allergic/hypersensitivity reactions; activate mast cells; individuals who are allergy prone are likely to have high...
IgE
Causes mast cell degranulation which causes the release of histamines and other chemical mediators
IgE Antigen Complex
The most common antibody; neutralizes bacterial toxins; major antibody formed in secondary response
IgG
Produced first and in highest concentration; responsible for natural immunity
IgM -Arrives early in the course of infection and quickly, present in high concentrations in the blood stream
Failure of immune mechanism of self defense
Immune Deficiencies
To provide resistance to invaders
Immunity Defense
To remove cellular debris and waste products
Immunity Homeostasis
Identify and destroy the body's own mutated cells
Immunity Surveillance
T-cells that bind to the antigen on its plasma membrane
Killer T Cells
What removes foreign material such as viruses from lymph fluid
Lymph Nodes
The immune system can store a memory of an antigen and keep memory cells available throughout the life span to provide for a prompter response to a secondary exposure; acts quicker and in greater strength
Memory
B cell and phagocyte deficiency
Microorganisms requiring opsonization
Also called native or innate immunity, not produced by the immune system, present at birth
Natural Immunity
Neither a T or B lymphocyte; can spontaneously react to antigen without prior sensitization or activation; ability to kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and others
Natural Kill (NK) Cells
What protects us against some viral infections by preventing the attachment and entrance of viruses?
Neutralizing Viruses
What are the functions of antibodies?
Neutralizing bacterial toxins, neutralizing viruses, opsonizing bacteria, and activating inflammatory responses
Surface defenses and inflammatory responses are
Non-specific-they don't care what has gotten in the way (organism, virus, etc) they are going to try to act
Makes the antigen tasty and enhances phagocytosis
Opsonization
Give patient antibodies to counteract the antigen for example tetanus and snake bites
Passive Immunity
A new mother is breast feeding her newborn. Antibodies are passed from the mother to the infant, this is an example of
Passive Immunity It is acquired, it is temporary, and it is humoral immunity
Genetic anomaly; Occurs if lymphocyte development is arrested or disrupted in the fetus or embryo; May involve one type of T or B cell, all the T cells or all the B cells; Most commonly involves one immunoglobulin
Primary (congenital) Immunodeficiency
Initial exposure or administration of an antigen
Primary Immune Response
Memory cells develop a lot of copies of a specific B cell which helps it respond...
Quickly
The inflammatory response happens...
Quickly and does not last long
All of our cells except what have MHC1 on them?
RBC
Caused by another illness; Reduced functioning of the immune system developing after birth; More common than primary; Often not clinically relevant
Secondary (acquired) Immunodeficiency
Second exposure to the same antigen results in a more rapid response
Secondary Immune Response
T Helper Cells...
Signal immune responses
We have multiple lines of defense such as...
Skin, mucous membranes, pH, GI tract, tears, normal bacteria flora of GI tract, coughing, ciliary action, protective mechanism
Adaptive immunity is...
Specific and responds much more slowly and can provide long term protection
Ability of the immune system to design and implement an immune response that is targeted only to a single, specific antigen or foreign cell
Specificity
What filters antigens and is important in response to systemic infections
Spleen
T-cells that stop the action of B cells
Suppressor T Cells
MHC antigens are recognized by...
T Cells
Part of the cell-mediaed system, recognize as foreign and attach; originate from stem cells in the bone marrow but are matured in the thymus gland; develop distinctive receptors on their cell surfaces which allow them to bind to specific proteins; can destroy an antigen directly or orchestrate the action of other cells in the immune system
T Lymphocytes 75% of all lymphocytes, account for many aspects of long term immunity, develop receptors which allow them to bind to proteins found on surfaces of other cells
The immune response is which line of defense?
Third line of defense-we acquire it after birth
T cells mature in the
Thymus
Lymph nodes and spleen stay and come out when antigen corresponds to their receptor; dormant until it is needed
Thymus Dependent Zones
Allergic reactions mediated by IgE; symptoms are specific according to where the allergic response is happening; Anaphylactic reaction
Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
Occurs when IgG or IgM antibodies attack tissue antigens; result from a loss of self-tolerance and are considered autoimmune reactions; leads to phagocytosis
Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
Occur when circulating antibody-antigen complexes precipitate out in a blood vessel or in downstream tissue
Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions
Cytotoxic or helper T cells are activated by an antigen; cell-mediated reactions are delayed taking 24-72 hours to develop
Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions
T cell deficiencies
Viral, fungal, yeast, and atypical microorganisms
