Addiction counseling- Exam 2
One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that: a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention. b. leaders take a non-directive stance. c. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change. d. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged.
A
REBT employs what kind of method to help people resolve their emotional and behavioral problems? a. the empirical method c. the philosophical method b. the Gestalt method d. the phenomenological method
A
The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: a. arbitrary inferences. b. personalization. c. selective abstraction. d. overgeneralization. e. labeling and mislabeling.
A
The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is: a. selective abstraction. b. labeling and mislabeling. c. personalization. d. arbitrary inferences. e. overgeneralization.
A
The concept of automatic thoughts plays a central role in whose theory? a. Beck b. Ellis c. Lazarus d. Bandura e. Meichenbaum
A
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Meichenbaum's constructivist approach to cognitive behavior therapy? a. It is more structured and more directive than standard cognitive therapy. b. It tends to target deeper core beliefs. c. It gives more emphasis to the past. d. It explores the behavioral impact and emotional toll a client pays for clinging to certain metaphor
A
All of the following are true as they apply to self-instructional therapy, except that: a. it is an outgrowth of an approach used widely by crisis intervention workers called self-induced change therapy. b. it was developed by Meichenbaum. c. it is a form of cognitive restructuring. d. it is also known as cognitive behavior modification.
A
Which theorist is known for his or her abrasive, humorous, and flamboyant style? a. Albert Ellis b. Judith Beck c. Natalie Rogers d. Aaron Beck e. Carl Rogers
A
15. In the ABC model, the A stands for: a. actions c. antecedents b. arbitrary behaviors d. assessment
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 252
The Gestalt therapist: a. is mainly nondirective. b. freely makes interpretations for the client. c. assigns homework to bring about specific cognitive and behavior changes. d. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. e. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways.
a
The person-centered philosophy views diagnosis as: a. a labeling process that diminishes the therapist's ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client. b. a useful tool for case conceptualization. c. a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy. d. a meaningful way of understanding of a client's psychological state.
a
Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy? a. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. b. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship. c. The therapist is encouraged to bring his or her values to the therapeutic relationship. d. It could be referred to as holistic therapy. e. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person.
a
Behavior therapy assumes that: a. behavior is learned. b. behavior is the result of unconscious forces. c. behavior is the result of free choices. d. behavior is determined by psychic energy.
a. behavior is learned.
The main goal of behavior therapy is: a. eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning. b. assisting clients in making value judgments concerning their behavior. c. expanding self-understanding and insight. d. fostering self-actualization.
a. eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learningeliminating
Michael believes that he will be able to improve his public speaking skills after completing a speech course at school. Based on social-cognitive theory, one might observe that Michael is not lacking in: a. self-efficacy. c. arrogance and grandiosity. b. intelligence. d. cognitive functioning.
a. self-efficacy.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach? a. Importance is placed on the attitudes and beliefs of the therapist. b. The focus is on the subjective world of the client. c. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy. d. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research. e. Attention is directed toward the personal relationship between the client and the therapist.
c
A self-actualized person: a. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. b. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. d. is spontaneous and creative. e. all of these.
e
According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as: a. internalizing the validation one receives from others. b. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical. c. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. d. a success identity. e. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.
e
In person-centered group therapy, the leader: a. facilitates the direction of group discussions. b. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. c. sets goals for the group members. d. focuses on making interpretations. e. displays a sense of trust in the members.
e
Person-centered research has been conducted on: a. treating specific behavioral problems. b. comparing the outcomes of person-centered therapy with other models. c. the hypothesized necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. d. treatment of personality disorders. e. all of these.
e
Person-centered therapy is best explained as: a. a set of techniques to build trust in clients. b. a dogma. c. a fixed and completed approach to therapy. d. all of these. e. none of these.
e
The empty chair technique: a. helps to resolve unfinished business. b. balances internal polarities. c. assists clients in reowning parts of their personality. d. allows clients to externalize an introject. e. all of these.
e
Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.
false
Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior.
true
Gestalt therapy makes use of a wide variety of techniques that are designed to increase the client's awareness of his or her present experiencing.
true
although Perls used a highly confrontational approach in dealing with client avoidance and resistance, the confrontational model is not representative of contemporary Gestalt therapy.
true
eople who rely on retroflection tend to inhibit themselves from taking action out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment.
true
since Gestalt therapists believe that questions have a tendency to keep the questioner hidden, safe, and unknown, they often ask clients to change their questions into statements.
true
13. Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called: a. functional assessment. b. reorientation. c. mindfulness-based stress reduction. d. biofeedback. e. motivational interviewing.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pg. 251
17. Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy? a. It is grounded in learning theory. b. Many specific techniques are supported by research. c. Treatment goals are specific and concrete. d. Emphasis is given to observing overt behaviors. e. The therapist is manipulative and controlling.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 252
20. Which of the following is not true about how behavior therapists function in the therapeutic setting? a. They serve as a model for the client. b. They use techniques such as summarizing, reflection, clarification, and open-ended questioning. c. They systematically assess for information about all aspects of the problem. d. They focus on specific aspects of problems. e. All of these are true.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 253
A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is: a. they pay careful attention to the client's early development. b. they have strong empirical support. c. They consider insight and action equally important forces in therapeutic change. d. they are well-suited to clients who have difficulty with abstraction.
B
According to Meichenbaum, the first step in the change process involves: a. discovering insight into the cause of one's problem. b. observing one's behavior and thinking patterns. c. learning the A-B-C model of disputing irrational thinking. d. learning a new dialogue. e. learning coping skills.
B
An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from: a. oppressive social conditions. b. the internal repetition of irrational sentences. c. unresolved issues of the past. d. inadequate ego-defense mechanisms. e. a normal human condition that should be accepted.
B
Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of: a. Anxiety reactions b. Cardiovascular Disorders c. Stress symptoms d. Phobias
B
A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is: a. its applicability to group work. b. its use of the A-B-C theory in analyzing the client. c. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance. d. its use of behavioral techniques.
C
Sonia, a recovering alcoholic, is going through relapse prevention. During this process, it is likely that she will: a. undergo hypnosis. b. avoid exploring possible high-risk stressful situations that she could encounter. c. be taught to view any lapses that occur as "learning opportunities" rather than "catastrophic failures." d. learn that a lapse in willpower will have catastrophic results.
C
The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as: a. arbitrary inferences. b. personalization. c. labeling and mislabeling. d. overgeneralization. e. selective abstraction.
D
To a large degree, cognitive therapy is: a. an experiential model. b. based on principles borrowed from Gestalt therapy. c. a psychodynamic model. d. a psychoeducational model.
D
REBT can best be considered as: a. a teaching/learning process. b. an educative process. c. a didactic process. d. a process challenging ideas and thinking. e. all of these.
E
Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is: a. weak. c. well-developed. b. becoming stronger. d. unavailable.
b
Behavior therapy is based on: a. a well-developed theory of personality. b. applying the experimental method to the therapeutic process. c. a systematic set of concepts. d. the principle of self-actualization.
b. applying the experimental method to the therapeutic process.
33. Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as: a. a sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. b. a way that clients avoid confrontation. c. an element of therapy that needs to be respected. d. a therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome.
c
4. Which of the statements below regarding emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is not true? a. EFT blends the relational aspects of the person-centered approach with the active phenomenological awareness experiments of Gestalt therapy. b. EFT entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. c. EFT was developed by Fritz Perls' wife, Laura. d. EFT methodology is similar to Gestalt therapy but emphasizes empirically supported treatments. e. All are true.
c
Person-centered therapy is best explained as: a. a set of techniques to build trust in clients. b. a dogma. c. none of these. d. a fixed and completed approach to therapy.
c
ften Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: a. have Greta undergo hypnosis. b. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." c. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.
c
Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following: a. empirically supported treatments. b. operant conditioning. c. a philosophical view of human behavior. d. a comprehensive assessment process. e. functional analysis of behavior.
c. a philosophical view of human behavior.
A contribution of this therapeutic approach is that: a. it can be a relatively brief therapy. b. it enables intense experiencing to occur quickly. c. it stresses doing and experiencing, as opposed to talking about problems. d. all of these. e. none of these.
d
Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate? a. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking. b. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and avoid assuming a confrontational stance. c. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems. d. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization.
d
Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist? a. Laura Perls c. Erv Polster b. Miriam Polster d. Fritz Perls
d
All of the following are true about social skills training except: a. It is a psychoeducational approach to interpersonal growth. b. It involves modeling and reinforcement techniques. c. It uses role playing exercises to simulate social situations. d. It requires clients to engage in catharsis.
d. It requires clients to engage in catharsis.
Which of the following is not true regarding behavior therapy? a. Both therapist and client need to work together for common goals. b. The client must be an active participant. c. Therapy cannot be imposed on unwilling clients. d. The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques.
d. The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques.
Which is not true of the relationship between therapist and client in behavior therapy? a. The relationship is considered collaborative. b. Therapist and client work together in a warm and flexible manner. c. The therapeutic relationship is an important factor in treatment outcomes. d. The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals.
d. The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals.
According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except: a. contact is necessary for change and growth to occur. b. one maintains a sense of individuality as a result of good contact. c. contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. d. we often tend to resist contact with others. e. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.
e
Accurate empathic understanding helps clients to: a. reconceptualize earlier experiences b. modify their perceptions of themselves, others, and the world. c. notice and value their experiences. d. increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action. e. all of these.
e
The person-centered approach has been applied to: a. family therapy. b. personal-growth groups. c. foreign relations. d. education e. all of these.
e
When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? a. the rehearsal exercise b. making the rounds c. the reversal technique d. the exaggeration exercise e. the internal dialogue exercise
e
Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling? a. person-centered/client-centered/nondirective b. client-centered/nondirective/person-centered c. client-centered/person-centered/nondirective d. nondirective/person-centered/client-centered e. nondirective/client-centered/person-centered
e
Without proper training, Gestalt therapists may: a. evoke catharsis without having the ability to work it through with their client. b. design faulty experiments. c. may damage the therapeutic relationship with the client. d. may use ready-made techniques inappropriately. e. all of these.
e
What is the function of the behavior therapist? a. to provide modeling for the client b. to provide a collaborative therapeutic environment c. to assess specific behavior problems d. to provide reinforcement for clients e. all of these.
e. all of these
According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their personality problems.
false
Therapy is based upon the successful resolution of the transference relationship.
false
When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that "the counselor knows best," he thought that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling profession, but to his surprise, it did not.
false
he person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution.
false
the Gestalt therapist typically uses diagnosis and interpretation as a basic part of the therapeutic process.
false
According to Perls, awareness of and by itself is not sufficient to lead to change; clients must also put their experiences into some type of cognitive framework if change is to happen.
ffalse
17. Part of success in using Gestalt techniques is contingent upon preparing clients for these techniques.
true
Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning.
true
Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.
true
55. In group settings, behavior therapists provide all of the following except: a. modeling. c. little direct feedback. b. teaching of new skills. d. directive support of clients.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 274
The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a: a. co-therapist. c. partner. b. student or learner. d. passive observer.
B
According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance? a. blame b. unfinished business c. rage d. resentment e. depression
a
Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that: a. caring confrontations can be beneficial. b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing. c. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs. d. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control.
a
According to Natalie Rogers, external conditions that nurture creativity include all of the following except: a. psychological safety. b. simulating and challenging experiences. c. negative reinforcement. d. psychological freedom.
c
According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: a. keep themselves from facing unfinished business. b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. c. keep from having to change. d. all of these
d
According to Carl Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are: a. commitment, compassion, and confrontation. b. realness, objectively viewing the client's world, full acceptance. c. congruence, conditional acceptance, faith in a client. d. total love and caring, therapist transparency, and empathy. e. congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding.
e
Behavior therapy is characterized by: a. the objective assessment of the results of therapy. b. a focus on overt specific behavior. c. the design of an appropriate treatment plan. d. a formulation of precise treatment goals. e. all of these.
e. all of these.
Gestalt therapy focuses on the cognitive aspects of therapy.
false
Retroflection involves doing to others what we would like them to do to us.
false
Gestalt techniques can be considered experiments.
true
30. Which of the following clinical strategies is not necessarily employed during assertion training? a. modeling b. relaxation c. feedback d. social reinforcement e. homework assignments
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 264
46. Techniques used in mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy include all but: a. yoga. c. a present-focused orientation. b. flooding. d. body scan meditation.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 271
18. Who has done most of the work in the area of modeling? a. Joseph Wolpe b. E. Jacobson c. Arnold Lazarus d. Hans Eysenck e. Albert Bandura
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 245
34. When practicing mindfulness: a. clients learn to focus on one thing at a time and to bring their attention back to the present moment when distractions arise. b. clients learn how to be aware of themselves without being judgmental. c. clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their present experience while at the same time achieving a distance from it. d. clients develop an attitude of curiosity and compassion to present experience. e. all of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 269
43. What would be the most accurate way of describing mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to a friend or colleague? a. The approach adopted in the MBSR program is to develop the capacity for sustained directed attention through formal meditation practice. b. MBSR consists of the notion that much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting things to be different from how they actually are. c. MBSR does not actively teach cognitive modification techniques, nor does it label certain cognitions as "dysfunctional," because this is not consistent with the nonjudgmental attitude one strives to cultivate in mindfulness practice. d. MBSR aims to assist people in learning how to live more fully in the present rather than ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about the future. e. All of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 271
The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as: a. magnification and exaggeration. c. arbitrary inference. b. polarized thinking. d. overgeneralization.
B
Which stage is not included in Meichenbaum's model for stress inoculation training a. the skills acquisition and consolidation phase b. the cognition deconstruction phase c. the conceptual-educational phase d. the application and follow through phase
B
Which REBT technique involves having the client do the very thing they avoid because of "what people might think?" a. role playing b. desensitization c. shame-attacking exercises d. changing one's language e. cognitive homework
C
All of the following are cognitive methods of REBT except for: a. changing one's language. c. disputing irrational beliefs. b. completing homework assignments. d. shame-attacking exercises.
D
To what does the term "cognitive triad" refer? a. It is a cognitive behavioral intervention. b. It refers to the three generations of Becks (Aaron, his daughter Judith, and his grandchild who is a social worker specializing in cognitive therapy). c. Aaron Beck coined the term to refer to himself and two other cognitive-oriented theorists, Ellis and Meichenbaum, who have revolutionized the field of counseling. d. It is a pattern that triggers depression.
D
In REBT, what method is taught to clients to help them challenge irrational beliefs? a. autogenic method b. phenomenological method c. multimodal method d. self-management method e. disputational method
E
In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to: a. help clients experience their feelings more intensely. b. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. c. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts. d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness. e. assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.
E
The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as: a. selective abstraction. b. overgeneralization. c. labeling and mislabeling. d. arbitrary inferences. e. personalization.
E
Which method is not employed in REBT? a. the contract method b. the logical analysis method c. behavioral and action methods d. the "homework assignment" method e. free association
E
Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy? a. a reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction. b. progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment. c. an improvement in Adrianne's ability to block negative thoughts about her career options. d. A willingness on Adrianne's part to examine her family constellation in order to deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction.
a
Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence? a. physical and safety needs c. esteem from self and others b. self-actualization d. belonging and love
a
Gestalt therapy is a form of: a. existential therapy. c. behavior therapy. b. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. d. neo-Freudian analytic therapy.
a
In Gestalt theory, the experiment is considered: a. a theoretical proposition crafted to fit the client's unique needs. b. a specific technique of therapy. c. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy. d. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal.
a
In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of: a. personal-growth groups and encounter groups. b. registration and certification of person-centered counselors. c. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists. d. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups. e. organizational management seminars.
a
Person-centered expressive arts therapy is founded all of the following notions except: a. releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression. b. the creative process is inherently healing. c. emotions are a source of energy. d. personal growth is facilitated by self-awareness. e. engaging in expressive art forms connects us to our unconscious.
a
Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as: a. allies who play a major role in their present and future success. b. opponents to be defeated. c. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction. d. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.
a
What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? a. the relationship between the client and therapist b. defining concrete and measurable goals c. the therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems d. the client's motivation for change e. the therapist's technical skills
a
Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy? a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients. b. Confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits. c. It is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive. d. Confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring.
a
A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is: a. the emphasis on contact. b. the approach to confrontation. c. the use of techniques. d. the focus on the figure formation process.
b
Arguably, the most central limitation of the person centered approach is: a. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles. b. the therapist's limitations as a person. c. shortcomings of the studies of the approach. d. their view of assessment and diagnosis.
b
Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimizes interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? a. introjection. c. retroflection. b. confluence. d. projection.
b
Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to: a. death and nonbeing. b. the client/therapist relationship. c. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor. d. the transference relationship. e. guilt and anxiety.
b
Field theory suggests that: a. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change. b. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux. c. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. d. the "how" of behavior is more important than the "why" of behavior. e. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate.
b
Person-centered therapy is a(n): a. existential approach to therapy. b. humanistic approach to therapy. c. action-oriented approach to therapy. d. deterministic approach to therapy.
b
Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers? a. He was a pioneer in humanistic approaches to counseling. b. He developed cognitive therapy. c. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry. d. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace. e. He was raised with strict religious standards in his home.
b
Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach? a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it. b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. c. Therapists should function largely as teachers. d. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.
b
The ____that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach. a. dialectical behavior therapy approach b. applied behavior analysis movement. c. positive psychology movement d. object relations approach
c
The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: a. we change by setting future-oriented goals. b. change is facilitated when we accept our mortality. c. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are. d. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. e. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be.
c
The person-centered therapist is best described as a: a. human engineer. c. facilitator. b. teacher. d. friend.
c
The person-centered view of human nature: a. views people as basically competitive. b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces. c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life. d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.
c
Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? a. the rehearsal exercise c. making the rounds b. the reversal technique d. the exaggeration technique
c
Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach? a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment. b. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy. c. The focus is on exploration of a client's past. d. The person has the capacity to resolve his or her own problems in a climate of safety.
c
Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence? a. accommodation c. reunification b. assimilation d. discovery
c
Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles? a. engaging in self-disclosure b. facilitating contact in the group setting c. evoking group catharsis. d. designing experiments for group members
c
Which of the following interventions is not associated with the third wave of behavior therapy? a. acceptance and commitment therapy b. dialectical behavior therapy c. relaxation training d. mindfulness based cognitive therapy
c. relaxation training
Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of: a. introjection. c. projection. b. retroflection. d. all of these
d
In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: a. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. b. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. c. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience.
d
Person-centered therapy is best described as: a. a systematic set of behavioral techniques. b. a fixed set of therapeutic principles. c. a completed "school" of counseling. d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.
d
Stress inoculation training consists of all of the following except: a. behavioral rehearsals. b. self-monitoring. c. cognitive restructuring. d. tapping into the unconscious realm. e. problem solving.
d
Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is synonymous with Gestalt therapy.
false
Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the person-centered therapist's procedures.
false
Gestalt theory is best considered as a form of psychoanalytic therapy.
false
The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.
true
The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counseling and classroom education.
true
The term "presence" refers to the counselor's ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic relationship with the client.
true
Therapists who demonstrate little acceptance of their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic attempts will falter.
true
35. Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. motivational interviewing. d. cognitive therapy. e. modeling.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pg. 258
54. The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through: a. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response. b. progressive muscle relaxation. c. negative reinforcement. d. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus. e. habituation.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pg. 258
59. Third-generation behavior therapies have been developed that center around five interrelated core themes. Which of these is not one of the core themes? a. a more precise focus on psychopathology b. acceptance c. a broad view of acceptable outcomes in therapy d. creating a life worth living e. an expanded view of psychological health
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pg. 269
39. In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), skills are taught in four modules. Which among the following is not one of the modules listed in the text? a. relapse prevention b. distress tolerance c. interpersonal effectiveness d. emotional regulation e. mindfulness
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pg. 270
19. B. F. Skinner is associated with which of the following trends in the behavioral approach? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. relaxation training d. dialectical behavior therapy e. multimodal therapy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 245
26. Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self-efficacy? a. Jacobson b. Bandura c. Linehan d. Skinner e. Wolpe
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 245
41. All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except: a. Behavior therapy specifies treatment goals in concrete and objective terms. b. Behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior. c. Behavior therapy focuses on the client's current problems and the factors influencing them. d. Behavior therapy relies on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 250
31. Which of the following would not be considered a feature of a good self-contract? a. It emphasizes the positive. b. It is a verbal agreement between client and therapist. c. It is clear and specific. d. It includes a balance of appropriate rewards and sanctions. e. It is based on realistic change goals.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 252
21. Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until: a. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby. b. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront his fear. c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move to one of the top floors of a skyscraper. d. Phil acknowledges his fear.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 254
16. Which statement is not true? a. Current behavior therapy is grounded on a deterministic view of persons. b. Contemporary behavior therapy is increasingly concerned with behavioral control. c. Contemporary behavior therapy focuses on how people are determined by their social and cultural environments. d. Behavioral and humanistic approaches cannot be reconciled. e. Behavioral methods can be used to attain humanistic ends.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pg. 278
4. The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are: a. antecedent, belief, cognitions. b. activating events, behaviors, cognitions. c. activating event, belief, consequence. d. antecedent, behavior, consequences.
ANS: C
The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is: a. Aaron Beck. b. William Glasser. c. Albert Ellis. d. Joseph Wolpe. e. Frederick Perls.
ANS: C
40. ____ is a key pioneer of clinical behavior therapy because of his broadening of its conceptual bases and development of multimodal therapy. a. Albert Bandura. b. Alan Kazdin. c. Arnold Lazarus. d. Joseph Wolpe. e. B.F. Skinner.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 246
27. Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning? a. the integration of mindfulness approaches as a basic part of any treatment procedure b. a focus on evaluating therapeutic procedures c. the integration of thoughts and feelings in the process of behavior change d. a focus on experimental analysis
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 249
37. Skinner's view of shaping behavior is based on the principle of: a. acceptance. c. operant conditioning. b. reciprocal inhibition. d. classical conditioning.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 249
38. ____involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred. a. Positive reinforcement b. Punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. Systematic desensitization e. Flooding
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 256
56. The key principle in applied behavior analysis is: a. in vivo desensitization. b. to use positive and negative punishment to change behavior. c. to use the least aversive means to change behavior. d. all of these.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 257
23. Which of the following is not one of the seven major areas of personality functioning described by the acronym "BASIC ID"? a. sensation b. behavior c. aspirations d. interpersonal relationships e. cognition
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 266
28. Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on: a. dialectical behavior therapy b. cognitive behavior therapy. c. social learning theory. d. operant conditioning. e. applied behavior analysis.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 266
52. Lazarus argues in favor of: a. zen-based techniques. b. positive punishment. c. technical eclecticism. d. theoretical integration e. strict adherence to treatment manuals to ensure standardization.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 266
51. In acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), another way to describe the term "acceptance" is: a. approval. c. nonjudgmental awareness. b. resignation. d. tolerance.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 272
50. Techniques that differentiate behavioral group therapy from other models of group work include all but: a. providing members with feedback regarding their therapeutic progress. b. conducting behavioral assessment. c. a time-limited intervention. d. collaboratively forming precise treatment goals.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 273
25. In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy: a. makes use of techniques that have questionable validity. b. is the only ethical form of therapy today. c. provides a basis for responsible practice. d. offers a greater chance of abusing interventions than do other approaches. e. does not address this issue.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pg. 279
36. The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is: a. flooding. c. modeling. b. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 249
44. Behavior therapists tend to: a. be active and directive. c. function as problem solvers. b. function as consultants. d. all of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 253
57. In vivo flooding consists of: a. guided use of mindfulness techniques. b. brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events. c. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation. d. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 261
58. EMDR is typically used to help clients: a. reduce anxiety related to specific phobias. b. explore repressed unconscious material from early childhood. c. facilitate the client's expression of personal needs while in relationship with others. d. restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 262
29. Haley has difficulty turning down dates and consistently allows men to take advantage of her. A behavioral intervention that may help Haley establish appropriate boundaries with others and speak up for herself is: a. stress inoculation training. b. EMDR. c. In vivo flooding. d. assertion training. e. anger management.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 264
22. What is not a part of the steps in a self-directed change program? a. working out a plan for change b. selection of specific goals c. self-reinforcement procedures d. exploration of one's family constellation e. self-monitoring
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 265
49. If your client wanted to change a behavior, for instance, learning to control smoking, drinking, or eating, which behavioral technique would be most appropriate to employ? a. assertion training c. systematic desensitization b. punishment d. self-management
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 265
24. Which of the following is true about "technical eclecticism" in multimodal therapy? a. It essentially gives therapists permission to use techniques and strategies in a haphazard and sloppy manner. b. Therapists borrow techniques exclusively from the social learning model. c. It is considered confusing to the client. d. Therapists use techniques from various theoretical models without subscribing to the theory. e. The client is fit into a predetermined treatment.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 266
60. Which is not true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)? a. DBT emphasizes the importance of the client/therapist relationship. b. The approach was formulated for treating borderline personality disorders. c. DBT relies on empirical data to support its effectiveness. d. DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques. e. DBT incorporates mindfulness training and Zen practices.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 270
47. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from: a. motivational interviewing and mindfulness. b. Yoga, systematic desensitization, and mindfulness. c. multimodal therapy and mindfulness. d. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 271
53. Sergio is co-leading a social skills group for children with Aspergers. He and his co-leader must collect data on group members' progress: a. only at the last group session. b. only if the group members' parents request it. c. before the group starts and at the end of the group, but not during the group. d. before, during, and after all interventions.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 273
Rational emotive behavior therapy belongs to which category of therapy? a. client-centered b. Gestalt 55 existential-humanistic d. cognitive-behavior/action oriented e. psychoanalytic
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pg. 290
The cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy stresses: a. awareness, unfinished business, impasse, and experiencing. b. transference, dream analysis, uncovering unconscious, and early experience. c. subjectivity, existential anxiety, self-actualization, and being. d. support, understanding, warmth, and empathy. e. thinking, judging, analyzing, and doing.
ANS: E
14. Behavior therapy is suited for: a. group therapy. b. institutions and clinics. c. classroom learning situations. d. individual therapy. e. all of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 247
33. During the second wave of behavior therapy, therapists: a. applied behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness. b. increased their focus on the role of emotion in behavior change. c. continued to emphasize empirically supported treatments. d. adopted a stronger biological perspective. e. all of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 248
42. In conducting a behavioral assessment, the client's functioning is taken into account in which area(s)? a. cognitive dimensions b. behavioral dimensions c. interpersonal dimensions d. emotional dimensions e. all of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 254
12. Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experiences? a. social reinforcement b. stress inoculation c. operant conditioning d. assertive training e. systematic desensitization
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 258
48. Self-management strategies include: a. self-contracting. b. self-award. c. self-monitoring. d. stimulus control. e. all of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 265
32. A limitation of behavior therapy is: a. the overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition. b. the overemphasis upon insight. c. the need for long-term treatment to effect change. d. the lack of empirical research validating its techniques. e. none of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: pg. 279
In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance? a. using emotive techniques b. inner speech c. automatic thoughts d. collaborative empiricism e. a multimodal approach to changing one's thinking and behaving
B
Of the following cognitive techniques, which one would Beck be least likely to employ? a. encouraging clients to participate in cognitive rehearsal b. confronting the musturbatory thinking of a client c. helping clients to replace negative imagery with more positive and successful coping scenes d. teaching clients ways of testing hypotheses e. exploring cognitive distortions
B
REBT contends that people: a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone. b. do not need to be accepted and loved. c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected. d. need to be accepted by most people.
B
Roberto, who struggles with feeling inadequate as a provider and husband, has come to work with a cognitive behavioral therapist. In addition to feeling inadequate, he feels angry that he has been marginalized by the mainstream culture. As his therapist, you should do all of the following except: a. adapt the language presented in cognitive restructuring to Roberto's primary language, age, and educational level. b. impress Roberto with your use of jargon to reinforce that you are the expert. c. refrain from using jargon such as the terms "irrational, maladaptive, and dysfunctional" d. avoid using disrespectful language when describing Roberto's cognitions
B
The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is: a. personalization. b. labeling and mislabeling. c. overgeneralization. d. selective abstraction. e. arbitrary inferences
B
The REBT technique that involves having clients imagine themselves in situations where they feel inappropriate feelings is called: a. shame-attacking exercises. b. disputing irrational beliefs. c. rational-emotive imagery. d. cognitive homework. e. role playing.
C
The constructivist perspective in cognitive therapy holds that: a. we all construct irrational beliefs and must change those if we hope to find happiness. b. clients must accept objective reality if they hope to change. c. there are multiple realities and a therapist's task is to help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their own stories. d. one's problems are merely a product of one's imagination. e. there is really no difference between objective and subjective reality.
C
Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client gradually learn to deal with anxiety and challenge basic irrational thinking? a. assertiveness training b. biofeedback c. cognitive homework d. skill training e. dream analysis
C
Which of the following statements does not reflect one of Ellis's three basic musts? a. "If others fail to treat me well, they must be miserable human beings." b. "I must get what I want when I want it or I won't be able to stand it." c. "I must be kind to others or else I won't be a good person." d. "Others must like me and appreciate my talents or else I am a failure."
C
Which of the following statements is true with regard to the fit between the cognitive behavioral approaches and multicultural counseling? a. Neither of the approaches taps into the inner resources and strengths of clients. b. The terms "cognitive behavior therapy" and "multicultural counseling" are used interchangeably because they refer to the same approach. c. There is an "almost perfect fit" between cognitive behavior therapy and multicultural counseling because these perspectives share common assumptions that make integration possible. d. Integration is not possible between the cognitive behavioral approach and multicultural counseling.
C
According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because: a. language shapes thinking and behavior. b. language shapes feelings. c. imprecise language is one of the causes of distorted thinking processes. d. all of these
D
Beck's cognitive therapy involves all of the options below except: a. looking at a client's "internal dialogue." b. helping clients recognize and discard self defeating thinking. c. correcting erroneous beliefs. d. conducting a lifestyle assessment.
D
Cognitive behavioral therapists assist clients in using language that: a. replaces absolutes with preferences. b. depicts the client's thoughts in a rational and accurate manner. c. is not self-condemning. d. all of these
D
Cognitive restructuring plays an important role in whose approach to therapy? a. A. T. Beck c. Donald Meichenbaum b. Albert Ellis d. Judith Beck
D
Jim told Margie, a cognitive therapist who has adopted a constructivist perspective, that he is a prisoner of his dysfunctional past. Margie should do all of the following except: a. help Jim appreciate how he has constructed reality and examine the implications and conclusions he draws from his stories. b. encourage him to tell the rest of his story. c. help Jim to see himself as a survivor of dysfunction who has thrived despite the barriers he has faced. d. steer Jim away from telling his story since storytelling is regarded as a form of resistance.
D
One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach: a. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions. b. reality testing is highly organized. c. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action. d. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process.
D
The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to: a. create a climate of safety and freedom from threat. b. help the client relive past emotional traumas. c. encourage the client to experience fully the here-and-now. d. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life. e. become an "existential partner" with the client.
D
Which of the following is not true about role playing in REBT? a. It involves emotional components. b. It allows the client to work through underlying irrational beliefs. c. It helps pinpoint irrational beliefs. d. It is a way of surfacing unfinished business. e. It involves behavioral components.
D
Which of the following is not true of Beck's cognitive therapy? a. It is a short-term or time-limited structured approach. b. It is an active and focused form of therapy. c. It is based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is determined by the way they structure their experience. d. It asserts that irrational beliefs lead to emotional problems. e. It is an insight therapy.
D
Which of the following is true about the relationship between a client and a rational emotive behavior therapist? a. Therapists make value judgments in helping their clients gain insight. b. Personal warmth is considered to be very important. c. Transference is encouraged to develop. d. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance. e. The therapist assumes a nondirective stance.
D
According to Ellis, we develop emotional and behavioral difficulties because: a. we live by the values our parents gave us. b. we do not possess any self-actualizing tendencies. c. we refuse to deal with unfinished business. d. we have learned maladaptive behaviors. e. we think of simple preferences as dire needs.
E
Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT in that Beck's approach emphasizes: a. working with the client in collaborative ways. b. helping clients to discover their misconceptions by themselves. c. more of a Socratic dialogue. d. more structure in the therapy process. e. all of these
E
Which of the following is not part of the five-step treatment procedure used in a coping-skills program? a. noting the level of anxiety following reevaluation b. teaching clients to become aware of the anxiety-provoking cognitions they experience in stressful situations c. having the clients examine their thoughts through reevaluating their self-statements d. exposing clients to anxiety-provoking situations by means of role playing and imagery e. evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological tests
E
Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress-inoculation program? a. application-rehearsal-conceptual b. rehearsal-conceptual-application c. application-conceptual-rehearsal d. conceptual-application-rehearsal e. conceptual-rehearsal-application ANS: E
E
Who developed a cognitive behavioral program for diet and maintenance and has written trade books about this topic? a. Donald Meichenbaum b. Gerald Corey c. Robert Wubbolding d. Albert Ellis e. Judith Beck
E
Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: a. should interpret the dream for her client. b. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. c. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.
b
One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that: a. it is not grounded in personality theory. b. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge. c. therapists use vigorous confrontation methods. d. its has not been subjected to rigorous research.
b
Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change? a. preparation b. precontemplation c. contemplation d. action e. maintenance
b
The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. to understand why we feel as we do. b. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice. c. to uncover repressed material. d. to help clients develop better social skills.
b
What is a limitation of person-centered therapy? a. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy. b. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life. c. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies. d. It is a long-term approach to therapy. e. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy.
b
A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is: a. the focus on building genuine relationships among members. b. the focus on creating a collaborative spirit. c. the therapist's role as facilitator. d. the length of treatment.
c
A healthy contact experience involves all of the following except: a. interacting with others while maintaining a sense of self. b. creativity. c. projection. d. maintaining balance between the figure and the ground.
c
Erv Polster believes that storytelling: a. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar. b. is a sign of high verbal abilities, and thus, high intelligence. c. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings. d. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. e. is always a form of resistance.
c
One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves: a. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices. b. an emphasis on freedom. c. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive. d. a respect for the client's subjective experience.
c
Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls? a. He developed Gestalt therapy. b. He aroused various reactions in the people he met. c. During his childhood, he was a model student. d. He was trained in psychoanalysis. e. He gave workshops and seminars at the Esalen Institute.
c
a Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: a. the rehearsal exercise. c. the reversal exercise. b. making the rounds. d. the empty chair technique.
c
A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Rogers's writings is: a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. b. the need for clients to relive past traumatic situations in the here-and-now. c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established. e. the need for a religion to find meaning in life.
d
According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: a. they are sound sleepers. b. they lack creativity. c. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. d. they should be referred to a therapist with a different theoretical orientation. e. that suggests they have no internal conflicts.
d
Concerning research on psychotherapy, it can be said that Carl Rogers: a. stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research. b. inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. c. literally opened the field for psychotherapy research. d. all of these. e. none of these.
d
From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: a. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions. b. the therapist functioning as the expert. c. the transference relationship. d. a sense of equality.
d
In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as: a. an existential encounter. c. an I/Thou interaction. b. a joint venture. d. all of these
d
In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists: a. communicate a deep sense of understanding. b. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. c. provide genuine support and warmth. d. all of these.
d
The technique of reflection involves the therapist: a. restating the client's words verbatim. b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. c. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror. d. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.
d
Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on? a. "it" talk b. "you" talk c. language that denies power d. semantics e. questions
d
Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? a. congruence b. unconditional positive regard c. accurate empathetic understanding d. creative expression
d
Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques? a. "Exercises" are ready-made techniques. b. Techniques are used for the purpose of increasing the client's awareness. c. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it. d. Clients need to be prepared for their involvement in Gestalt techniques. e. "Experiments" grow out of the interaction between therapist and client.
d
Which of the following is not considered one of the six methodological components of Gestalt therapy? a. the here and now b. the authentic encounter c. the paradoxical theory of change d. process-oriented diagnosis e. assessment
e
Gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in groups.
false
Gestaltists typically ask why questions in the attempt to get clients to think about the source of their problems.
false
Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach.
false
One of the contributions of Gestalt therapy is the vast empirical research that has been done to validate
false
Since Gestalt therapy focuses on the here-and-now, the past is neither explored nor given emphasis.
false
The Gestalt approach to dream work consists of the therapist interpreting the meaning of the symbols in the dream.
false
The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.
false
The goal of Gestalt therapy is to solve basic problems, to resolve one's polarities, and to help the individual to adjust to his or her environment.
false
The person-centered approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behavior change
false
The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counseling.
false
Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior.
false
24. A current trend in Gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist relationship rather than on techniques.
true
An assumption of person-centered therapy is that the counselor's presence is far more powerful than techniques he or she uses to facilitate change.
true
Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use caring confrontations with their clients.
true
Carl Rogers is often called the "father of psychotherapy research."
true
Carl Rogers's approach is based on the assumptions that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire to grow.
true
Carl Rogers's original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client.
true
Fritz Perls' wife Laura stated, "Without the constant support from his friends, and from me, without the constant encouragement and collaboration, Fritz would never have written a line, nor founded anything."
true
Gestalt group therapists use experiments to encourage clients to move from talking about action to taking action.
true
Gestalt therapies view a client's avoidance behavior as related to unfinished business.
true
Gestalt therapist pays attention to ways the client uses language.
true
In Gestalt terms, awareness refers to our connectedness to our external and internal worlds.
true
In Gestalt therapy, a client's resistance is welcomed and used to deepen their therapeutic work.
true
In the Gestaltist view, unfinished business is best explored in the present.
true
Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs.
true
Most of the Gestalt techniques are designed to intensify one's experiencing.
true
Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts.
true
Person-centered therapy groups emphasize self-acceptance and self-reliance.
true
Students of the person-centered approach sometimes have difficulty letting clients truly find their own way and make decisions in an unassisted fashion.
true
The person-centered approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy.
true
