Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Exam 1
Caste System
- Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life - a person's caste then determines their status in Indian Society
Conventional Reasoning
- In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others - what is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities
Endocrine System
- a network of glands in the body - through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body
possible selves
- a person's conception of the self as it potentially may be - may include both an ideal self and a feared self
Self-Image
- a person's evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others - closely related to self-esteem
Self-Perception
- a person's view of his or her characteristics and abilities - closely related to self-esteem
Identity Diffusion
- an identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment - no commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments
roles
- defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others - examples include gender, age, and social class
Cultural Beliefs
- the predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived - may also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death
broad socialization
- the process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression
Incest Taboo
- the prohibition on sexual relations between family members - believed to be biologically baed, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders
symbolic inheritance
- the set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture - it is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places
Communal Manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 17th and 18th cen. colonial America, in which the focus of gender expectations for adolescent boys was on preparing to assume adult male role responsibilities in work and marriage
Self-Made Manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 19th cen. America, in which males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families in adolescence and emerging adulthood as part of becoming a man
Passionate Manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 20th cen. US, in which self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues young males should learn in the course of becoming a man
Gender Identity
Children's understanding of themselves as being either male or female, reached at about age 3
Filial Piety
Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father
Psychosocial Moratorium
Erikson's term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves
Negative Identity
Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which persons face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Erikson's term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of ailing to form a stable and secure identity
Identity Crisis
Erikson's term for the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity
Poetic-conventional faith
Fowler's term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense that early adolescents increasingly believe that here is more than one way of knowing the truth
Individuating-reflective faith
Fowler's term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs
Care orientation
Gilligan's term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning
theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles
Postconventional Reasoning
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right
Consummate Love
In Sternberg's theory of love, the form of love that integrates passion, intimacy, and commitment
Companionate love
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion
Fatuous Love
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that combines passion and commitment without intimacy
Romantic Love
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that combines passion and intimacy, but without commitment
Empty Love
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on commitment alone, without passion or intimacy
Liking
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on intimacy alone, without passion or commitment
Infatuation
In Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on passion alone, without intimacy or commitment
bar mitzvah
Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents' new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs
bat mitzvah
Jewish religious ritual for gils at age 13 that signifies the adolescents' new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs
Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Gender
Kohlberg's theory, based on Piaget's ideas about cognitive development, asserting that gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world and that children develop through a predictable series of stages in their understanding of gender
Mnemonic Devices
Memory Strategies
Pendulum Problem
Piaget's classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side
Autonomous morality
Piaget's term for the period of moral development form about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed
Heteronomous morality
Piaget's term for the period of moral development form about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down form figures of authority and alterable only by them
Hypothetical- Deductive Reasoning
Piaget's term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained
Personal Fable
a belief in one's personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks
Stereotype
a belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group
Secular Trend
a change in the characteristics of a population over time
Androgyny
a combination of "masculine" and "feminine" personality traits
interdependent self
a conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group
independent self
a conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements
Asymptomatic
a condition common with STIs in which an infected person shows no symptoms of the disease by may potentially infect others
custom complex
a customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfaction associated with it: that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice
Reactive Script
a dating script, more common for females than males, that focuses on the private domain (e.g., spending considerable time on dress and grooming prior to the date), responding to the date's gestures in the public domain (e.g., being picked up, waiting for him to open the doors), and responding to his sexual initiatives
Proactive Scripts
a dating script, more common for males than for females, that includes initiating the date, deciding where they will go, controlling the public domain (e.g., driving the care and opening the doors), and initiating sexual contact
Menarche
a girl's first menstrual period
Pituitary Gland
a gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that releases gonadotropins as part of the body's preparation for repoduction
Parental Notification
a legal requirement, in some states, that minors must notify their parents before having an abortion
Parental Consent
a legal requirement, in some states, that minors must obtain their parents' permission to have an abortion
Semenarche
a male's first ejaculation
Arranged Marriage
a marriage in which the marriage partners are determined but by the partners themselves by by others, usually the parents or other family elders
Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)
a measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s
schema
a mental structure for organizing and interpreting info
Schemes
a mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
Ramadan
a month in the Muslim year that commemorates the revelation of the Koran from God to the prophet Muhammad, requiring fasting form sunrise to sunset each day and refraining from all sensual indulgences
Stage
a period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way
Latency Period
a period, common with STIs, between the time a person is infected with a disease and the time symptoms appear
Self-Esteem
a person's overall sense of worth and well-being
Actual Self
a person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self
Baseline Self-Esteem
a person's stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being
Leptin
a protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty
Collectivism
a set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group
Worldview
a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed
Internal Consistency
a statistical calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or subscale are answered in a similar way
Justice Orientation
a type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness
Continuous
a view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages
Discontinuous
a view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct form one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process
Sexual Harassment
a wise range of threatening or aggressive behaviors related to sexuality, from mile harassment such as name-calling, jokes, and leering looks to severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience
Date Rape
an act of sexual aggression in which a person, usually a woman, is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations against her will
Identity Status Model
an approach to conceptualizing and researching identity development that classifies people into one of four identity categories: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, or achievement
Information-Processing Approach
an approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next
Working Memory
an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed
Identity Foreclosure
an identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices—commitment, but no exploration
Identity Moratorium
an identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities
Hybrid Identity
an identity that integrates elements of various cultures
role preparation
an outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood
Sex Hormones
androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
cultural psychology
approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated form the culture in which it takes place
Individual Differences
approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests
Cognitive-Developmental Approach
approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages
secular
based on nonreligious beliefs and values
Spermarche
beginning of the development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty
Imaginary Audience
belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one's appearance and behavior
Sexuality
biological sexual development as well as sexual values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, relationships, and behavior
Sex
biological status of being male or female
Secondary Sex Characteristics
bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction
Reductionism
breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost
Cognitive Development
changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change
Hormones
chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty
Relativism
cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views
Multiple Thinking
cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one
Sexual Scripts
cognitive frameworks, often different for males and females, for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted
Formal Operations
cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses
preoperational stage
cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically—for example, through the use of language—but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations
Sensorimotor Stage
cognitive stage in the first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the sense with motor activities
Commitment
cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid white at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them
Dualistic Thinking
cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms
Postmodern identity
conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time
Emotional Loneliness
condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy
Social Loneliness
condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships
Patriarchal Authority
cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children
Individualism
cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression
gender roles
cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men
Permissive Cultures
cultures that encourage and expect sexual activity from their adolescents
Semirestrictive cultures
cultures that have prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
Restrictive Cultures
cultures that place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage
Nature-Nurture Debate
debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development
Automaticity
degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information
Componential Approach
description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components
Homophobia
fear and hared of homosexuals
Coming Out
for homosexuals, the process of acknowledging their homosexuality and then disclosing the truth to their friends, family, and others
Bicultural
having an identity that includes two aspects of two different cultures
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary
Social Cognition
how people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions
Machismo
ideology of manhood, common in Latino cultures, which emphasizes males' dominance over females
Affection Phase
in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the , the third phase, in which adolescents come to know each other better and express deeper feelings for each other, as well as engaging in more extensive sexual activity
Bonding Phase
in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the final phase, in which the romantic relationship becomes more enduring and serious; partners begin to discuss the possibility of a lifelong commitment to each other
Initiation Phase
in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the first phase, usually in early adolescence, when the first tentative explorations of romantic interests begin, usually superficial and brief, often fraught with anxiety, fear, and excitement
Status Phase
in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the second phase, in which adolescents begin to gain confidence in their skills at interacting with potential romantic partners and being to form their first romantic relationships, assessing not just how much they like and are attracted to the person, but also how their status with friends and peers would be influenced
Preconventional reasoning
in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments
Self-Socialization
in gender socialization, refers to the way that children seek to maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior
predictive validity
in longitudinal research the ability of a variable at time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at time2
Consensual validation
in social science studies of interpersonal attraction, the principle that people like to find in others an agreement or consensus with their own characteristics and view of life
Marginality
in teh formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected but the majority culture
Assimilation
in the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture
Separation
in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture
Biculturalism
in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture
Protect
in the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to assist in protecting one's family and community from human and animal attackers
Procreate
in the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to function sexually well enough to produce children
Provide
in the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to provide economically for one's self as well as a wife and children
Globalization
increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally
Identity
individuals' perceptions of their characteristics and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their lives fit into the world around them
Jean Piaget
influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories sof cognitive and moral development
Child Study Movement
late 19th cen. group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace
Cohabitation
living with a romantic partner outside of marriage
long-term memory
memory for information that is committed to longer-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on
Short-term memory
memory for information that is the current focus of attention
fluid intelligence
mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information
Recapitulation
now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole
Evocative genotype --> environment effects
occur when a person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment
Active genotype --> environment effects
occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics
Response Bias
on a questionnaire, the tendency to choose the same response for all items
women's movement
organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women
Resilience
overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development
Emerging Adulthood
period from roughly ages 18-25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent form parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments
Life-cycle Service
period in late teens and 20s where young people from the 16th-19th centuries engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts
Adolescence
period of life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture
expressive traits
personality characteristics such as gentle and yielding, more often ascribed to females, emphasizing emotions and relationships
Instrumental Traits
personality characteristics such as self-reliant and forceful, more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment
Self-Concept
persons' views of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics (such as height and age) as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics
Maturation
process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment
Identifications
relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person
Comprehensive Sexuality Education
sex education programs that being at an early age and include detailed info on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active
Abstinence-plus programs
sex education programs that encourage young adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing contraceptive info for adolescents who nevertheless choose to have intercourse
Passive genotype --> environment effects
situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children's development
gender
social categories of male and female, established according to cultural beliefs, and practices rather than being due to biology
ontogenetic
something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation: that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice
Hypothalamus
the "master gland", located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty
Theory of Mind
the ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings
Divided Attention
the ability to focus on more than one task at a time
Selective Attention
the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant
Perspective Taking
the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
Vital Capacity
the amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys
Testosterone
the androgen most important in pubertal development among boys
Metacognition
the capacity for "thinking about thinking' that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them
self-regulation
the capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one's impulses and comply with social norms
Reflective Judgment
the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments
Puberty
the changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction
Dating Scripts
the cognitive models that guide dating interactions
Accommodation
the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new info
assimilation
the cognitive process that occurs when new info is altered to fit an existing scheme
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
the combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation
Estradiol
the estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls
Extremities
the feet, hands, and head
Barometric Self-Esteem
the fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day
Koran
the holy book of the religion of Islam, believed by Muslims to have been communicated to Muhammad form God through the angel Gabriel
sources of meaning
the ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual's mortality
Identity Achievement
the identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives
Mental Structure
the organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure
Ideal Self
the person an adolescent would like to be
Peak Height Velocity
the point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate
socialization
the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live
narrow socialization
the process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity
Primary Sex Characteristics
the production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs
Psychohistory
the psychological analysis of important historical figures
Adolescent Growth Spurt
the rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty
Feared Self
the self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming
False Self
the self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking or feeling
Estrogens
the sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics
Androgens
the sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics
first-generation families
the status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another
second-generation families
the status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country
social desirability
the tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred
Optimistic Bias
the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people that to one's self
Differential Gender Socialization
the term for socializing males and females according to different expectations about what attitudes and behavior are appropriate to each gender
Interdependence
the web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups
Gender schema theory
theory in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize info about the world
Behavioral Decision Theory
theory of devision making that describes the decision-making process as including: 1. identifying the range of possible choices 2. identifying the consequences that would result from each choice 3. evaluating the desirability of each consequence 4. assessing the likelihood of each consequence 5. integrating this information
Storm and Stress
theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict, with parents, and antisocial behavior
Theory of genotype --> environment effects
theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions of human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience
Social Roles Theory
theory that social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that males and females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behaviors
Abstract Thinking
thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts
Critical Thinking
thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgements about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid
Complex Thinking
thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm
Double Standard
two different sets of rules for sexual behavior, one applying to males and the other females, with rules for females usually being more restrictive
Adolescent Egocentrism
type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts form their thinking about the thoughts of others
test-retest reliability
type of reliability that examines whether or not persons' scores on one occasion are similar to their score on another occasion
Postformal Thinking
type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as in the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment
Dialectical Thought
type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing
Pragmatism
type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations
Asynchronicity
uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty