Adolescence Chapter 7

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Which of the following statements regarding moral behavior is NOT true?

Adolescents are likely to display consistent moral behavior in diverse social settings

Which of the following statements regarding religion and parenting is NOT true?

Adolescents who have a positive relationship with their parents are more likely to seek a religion that is different from their parents' religion

Marcy believes that self-regulation, rather than abstract reasoning, is the key to positive moral development. Which of the following theorists shared Marcy's view?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is a recent trend in religion among adolescents and emerging adults?

All of these are recent trends

Which of the following statements regarding religiousness around the world is TRUE?

Attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20

Which of the following statements regarding service learning is NOT true?

Boys participate more in service learning than girls

A program in which adults coach students in ethical decision making, and students have a caring experience in the classroom and community is called the

Child development project

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the psychoanalytic account of moral development?

Children and adolescents conform to societal standards to avoid guilt

Alberto has taken a test that gives him a series of moral dilemmas to evaluate. He is asked to rate the importance of each issue involved and to develop a list of the four most important issues involved in each dilemma. Alberto has taken the

Defining Issues Test

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the induction technique of discipline is TRUE

Induction works better with older children and adolescents than with preschool children

The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was designed by

James Rest

What differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development?

Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care

what differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development? -Gilligan postulated an ethic of equity; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care - Gilligan postulated an ethic of individualism; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of collectivism -Gilligan postulated an ethic of justice; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care -Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care

Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care

The theorist who developed a major stage theory of moral development is

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?

Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?

Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned.

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is NOT true?

Most people in their mid-thirties reason at Stage 3

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of parental discipline on an adolescent is NOT true?

Power assertion evokes a high level of anxiety

Which of the following statements regarding prosocial behavior is NOT true?

Prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than in adolescence

What is the primary way in which parents influence the moral development of teens?

Providing opportunities for their children to question their own moral beliefs

Professor Dawson clearly spells out, both verbally and on his syllabus, what constitutes cheating in his class. His colleague, Professor Curtis, assumes that students know what behaviors are cheating and doesn't mention her policies. According to research, what is likely to happen in these two professors' classes?

Students in Professor Dawson's class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Curtis' class

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in moral development between males and females is TRUE?

There is no evidence to support Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg downplayed female moral thinking

Which of the following statements about the values of today's college students is NOT true?

Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in personal well-being

Which one of the following is more likely show empathy?

a 15 year old girl

A relatively new approach to character education that helps students to develop moral concepts emphasizes

a care perspective

Joel shuts his cell phone off upon entering a church to attend a funeral service. Joel's action is an example of

a conventional rule

joel shuts his cell phone off upon entering a church to attend a funeral service. joel's action is an example of -a moral rule -a conventional rule -an ethical rule -none of these choices are correct

a conventional rule

character education

a direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others

power assertion

a discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the adolescent or the adolescent's resources

induction

a discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explains how the adolescent's actions affect others

love withdrawal

a discipline technique in which a parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent

gratitude

a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful

justice perspective

a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual. individuals are viewed as making moral decisions independently

Brandi has begun to question how God can let so many people die in natural disasters, and she struggles to reconcile how an all-powerful God and an all-merciful God can exist in the same being. Brandi is most likely in which developmental period?

adolescence

Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behavior differs from one person to another?

all of these

Contemporary moral development theorists emphasize that

all of these choices are correct

Mackenzie, a 20-year-old college student, attends church weekly and makes prayer a part of her daily activities. According to research, Mackenzie is likely to have

all of these choices are correct

Researchers have found that having a religious affiliation is linked to

all of these choices are correct

The Defining Issues Test (DIT) expands on Kohlberg's series of moral dilemmas by adding

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following factors has been found to influence movement through Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behavior differs from one person to another? - punishment - reinforcement - modeling - all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behaviour differs from one person to another?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following is considered a personal, rather than moral or conventional, issue?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following is part of James Rest's view of moral character?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following students would be considered a cheater

all of these choices are correct

moral development includes moral

all of these choices are correct

moral development includes moral -feelings -behaviors -thought - all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct

Denise helps organize a five-mile walk to raise money for a good cause, the Brain Injury Association. Denise's work is an act of

altruism

moral identity

an aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives

forgiveness

an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

The Child Development Project is an example of

an integrated approach to moral education

Religiousness is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

attendance at religious services

religiousness is associated with all of the following EXCEPT -attendance at religious services -frequency of discussing religious teachings -frequency of prayer -overall importance of religion in everyday life

attendance at religious services

which of the following statements regarding religiousness around the world is TRUE? -emerging adults in developing nations were more likely than their counterparts in developed nations to be religious -attending religious services is highest at age 12 -belief in God is high among adolescents and emerging adults in Japan -attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20

attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20

Carol Gilligan's theory is based on a(n) ______ perspective toward morality

care

Isabel learns in school that some behaviors, such as lying and cheating, are wrong and do harm to others. Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy?

character education

Isabel learns in school that some behaviors, such as lying and cheating, are wrong, are wrong and do harm to others. Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy? -values clarification -character education -explicit moral code -cognitive moral education

character education

Ms. Sacco's U.S. history students perceive her to be incompetent. They also think that she is unfair and that she does not care about her students. According to recent research, Ms. Sacco's students are likely to

cheat in her class

Mr. Gates, who teaches World Geography, frequently gives out a test and then leaves the room to pick up his mail in the office or to get coffee. What does research predict Mr. Gates' students are likely to do while he is out of the room?

cheat on his tests

Kendra's class on moral education consists of small-group discussions on a number of moral issues. Kendra's school has adopted a _____ approach to moral education

cognitive moral education

According to Freud, when the moral standards of the _____ are violated, the individual feels _____.

conscience; guilt

Researchers consider the core of all three types of moral exemplars to include the traits of honesty and

dependability

Recent research has found that having a weak moral identity is related all but which of the following?

drug use

Aaron thinks about what kind of life he wants to live. He wonders if there really is a God, and whether he truly believes or is going along with the beliefs of his parents. Aaron is most likely in which developmental period?

emerging adulthood

Alex, age 12, always helps his elderly grandmother by carrying her plate to the table and making sure that she always has her cane ready before she gets up. Alex says he feels sad that his Nana is getting weaker and not able to do as much for herself. Alex is showing

empathy

According to the proponents of integrative ethical education, moral experts possess all of the following skills EXCEPT

ethical mandates

In a cognitive moral education program, teachers act as

facilitators

Freud believed in encouraging moral development in children by instilling

fear of losing parental love

research has found that moral children have parents who do all EXCEPT

foster an external sense of morality

research has found that moral children have parents who do all of the following EXCEPT -involve children in family decision making -foster an external sense of morality -use inductive discipline -model moral behaviors

foster an external sense of morality

Alyssa, age 17, was brought up in the Baptist church but recently she has begun to go to the Buddhist temple in the next town. She tells her parents that she is "all done with the Baptists." According to research, Alyssa probably

has conflict with her parents

Austin volunteers to help senior citizens learn basic computer skills. If Austin is like many students who participate in service learning, Austin will

have high grades in school

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of moral exemplars?

honest

Gilligan found that girls, ages 6-18, consistently interpreted moral dilemmas in terms of

human relationships

According to Freud, children develop the superego by

identifying with their same sex parent

Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's three stages of moral development?

identity development in emerging adulthood

The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for others of the adolescent's actions is known as

induction

The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

internalization

people who lived exemplary lives are known as -moral exemplars -moral elitists -moral characters -moral dignnitaries

moral exemplars

Gretchen's moral notions and commitments are central to her life. A developmentalist would say that Gretchen has developed a

moral identity

Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the moral personality?

moral integrity

Recent research on the benefits for volunteers and those who receive volunteer services suggest that

more adolescents should be required to participate in service learning programs

Lance's parents encourage family discussions about value-laden issues such as the death penalty, abortion, and amnesty for illegal immigrants. As a result, Lance is likely to think at

more advanced levels of moral reasoning than other people his age

what are the two stages of conventional reasoning?

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (stage 3) and social systems morality (stage 4)

Moral rules are _____, while conventional rules are _____.

obligatory; optional

Moral rules are _____, while conventional rules are ______ -personal; impersonal -obligatory; optional -optional; obligatory -to promote organization; to ensure justice

obligatory; optional

In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ______ in moral development

parenting

In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ______ in moral development.

parenting

moral exemplars

people who have led exemplary lives

Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have included all of the following, EXCEPT that Kohlberg

placed too much emphasis on moral behavior

The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

postconventional reasoning

the highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is -universal reasoning -conventional reasoning -postconventional reasoning -utiliarian reasoning

postconventional reasoning

Chelsea's father takes away her cell phone and her iPod whenever she does something that he views as "disrespectful." Chelsea's father is using which of the following discipline techniques?

power assertion

Margaret's parents refuse to talk to her if she displeases them in any way. They tell her younger brother that Margaret is a big disappointment to them if she gets any grade below a B. Margaret's parents are using which of the following discipline techniques?

power assertion

Parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as

power assertion

parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as -induction -power assertion -authortative -love withdrawn

power assertion

Katie's parents know that their daughter will inevitably be confronted by peers who want to offer her alcohol or drugs. They spend time talking with her about how to resist these harmful situations, and they even role-play with her to increase her skills. Katie's parents are engaging in which type of parenting strategy?

pre arming

which of the following statements regarding prosocial behavior is NOT true? -prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than adolescence -adolescent females regard themselves as more prosocial than adolescent males -adolescents engage in more prosocial behavior than do children -the biggest gender difference in prosocial behavior is in kindness and considerate behavior

prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than adoelscence

Chip obeys adults because they tell him to obey them. According to Kohlberg, Chip is in which stage of moral development?

punishment and obedience orientation

The two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange, and

punishment and obedience orientation

the two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange and -social contract morality -social systems morality -punishment and obedience orientation -none of these choices are correct

punishment and obedience orientation

what are the two stages in preconventional reasoning?

punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2)

empathy

reaction to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings

An integrative approach to moral education encompasses the _____ and ______.

reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education

an integrative approach to moral education encompasses the _____ and _______ -reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education -cognitive moral education approach; service learning -care perspective of Gilligan; values clarification -reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; values clarification approach

reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education

Mr. Hale has his tenth-grade honors English class tutor younger children in reading and writing. Mr. Hale's students are engaged in

service learning

Moral character presupposes that the person has

set moral goals and is committed to act in accord with these goals

Which theory of moral development emphasizes a distinction between adolescent moral competence and moral performance?

social cognitive theory

what are the two stages of postconventional reasoning?

social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical purposes (stage 6)

Jodie is trying to decide how she feels about cheating and those who cheat. This internal struggle is consistent with which theory of moral development?

social domain theory

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level consists of two stages. One is called mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. The other is called

social systems morality

Lucia argues that community members need to obey laws in order for the community to work effectively. According to Kohlberg, Lucia is in which stage of moral development?

social systems morality

conscience

the component of the superego that discourages behaviors disapproved of by parents

ego ideal

the component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents

preconventional reasoning

the lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. at this level, morality is focused on reqard and punishment

care perspective

the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

hidden curriculum

the pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school

conventional reasoning

the second or intermediate level in Kohlberg's theory. individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others (external) such as parents or the laws of society

social cognitive theory of moral development

the theory that distinguishes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors) and moral performance (enacting those behaviors in specific situations)

postconventional reasoning

the third and highest level in kohlberg's theory. at this level, morality is more internal

social domain theory

theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. these domains arise from children's and adolescents' attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

social conventional reasoning

thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues

moral development

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

The goal of the integrative ethical education program is to

turn moral novices into moral exemplars

altruism

unselfish interest in helping another person

Our beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be are our

values

Maria participates in a moral education program where students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others. This program is using which approach to moral development?

values clarification

Recent research has shown that more college freshmen today than in 1990 are interested in

volunteer or community-service programs


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