Adolescence Chapter 7
Which of the following statements regarding moral behavior is NOT true?
Adolescents are likely to display consistent moral behavior in diverse social settings
Which of the following statements regarding religion and parenting is NOT true?
Adolescents who have a positive relationship with their parents are more likely to seek a religion that is different from their parents' religion
Marcy believes that self-regulation, rather than abstract reasoning, is the key to positive moral development. Which of the following theorists shared Marcy's view?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following is a recent trend in religion among adolescents and emerging adults?
All of these are recent trends
Which of the following statements regarding religiousness around the world is TRUE?
Attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20
Which of the following statements regarding service learning is NOT true?
Boys participate more in service learning than girls
A program in which adults coach students in ethical decision making, and students have a caring experience in the classroom and community is called the
Child development project
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the psychoanalytic account of moral development?
Children and adolescents conform to societal standards to avoid guilt
Alberto has taken a test that gives him a series of moral dilemmas to evaluate. He is asked to rate the importance of each issue involved and to develop a list of the four most important issues involved in each dilemma. Alberto has taken the
Defining Issues Test
Which of the following statements regarding the use of the induction technique of discipline is TRUE
Induction works better with older children and adolescents than with preschool children
The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was designed by
James Rest
What differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development?
Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care
what differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development? -Gilligan postulated an ethic of equity; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care - Gilligan postulated an ethic of individualism; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of collectivism -Gilligan postulated an ethic of justice; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care -Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care
Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care
The theorist who developed a major stage theory of moral development is
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?
Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned
Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?
Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned.
Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is NOT true?
Most people in their mid-thirties reason at Stage 3
Which of the following statements regarding the effects of parental discipline on an adolescent is NOT true?
Power assertion evokes a high level of anxiety
Which of the following statements regarding prosocial behavior is NOT true?
Prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than in adolescence
What is the primary way in which parents influence the moral development of teens?
Providing opportunities for their children to question their own moral beliefs
Professor Dawson clearly spells out, both verbally and on his syllabus, what constitutes cheating in his class. His colleague, Professor Curtis, assumes that students know what behaviors are cheating and doesn't mention her policies. According to research, what is likely to happen in these two professors' classes?
Students in Professor Dawson's class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Curtis' class
Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in moral development between males and females is TRUE?
There is no evidence to support Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg downplayed female moral thinking
Which of the following statements about the values of today's college students is NOT true?
Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in personal well-being
Which one of the following is more likely show empathy?
a 15 year old girl
A relatively new approach to character education that helps students to develop moral concepts emphasizes
a care perspective
Joel shuts his cell phone off upon entering a church to attend a funeral service. Joel's action is an example of
a conventional rule
joel shuts his cell phone off upon entering a church to attend a funeral service. joel's action is an example of -a moral rule -a conventional rule -an ethical rule -none of these choices are correct
a conventional rule
character education
a direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others
power assertion
a discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the adolescent or the adolescent's resources
induction
a discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explains how the adolescent's actions affect others
love withdrawal
a discipline technique in which a parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent
gratitude
a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful
justice perspective
a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual. individuals are viewed as making moral decisions independently
Brandi has begun to question how God can let so many people die in natural disasters, and she struggles to reconcile how an all-powerful God and an all-merciful God can exist in the same being. Brandi is most likely in which developmental period?
adolescence
Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behavior differs from one person to another?
all of these
Contemporary moral development theorists emphasize that
all of these choices are correct
Mackenzie, a 20-year-old college student, attends church weekly and makes prayer a part of her daily activities. According to research, Mackenzie is likely to have
all of these choices are correct
Researchers have found that having a religious affiliation is linked to
all of these choices are correct
The Defining Issues Test (DIT) expands on Kohlberg's series of moral dilemmas by adding
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following factors has been found to influence movement through Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behavior differs from one person to another? - punishment - reinforcement - modeling - all of these choices are correct
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behaviour differs from one person to another?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following is considered a personal, rather than moral or conventional, issue?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following is part of James Rest's view of moral character?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following students would be considered a cheater
all of these choices are correct
moral development includes moral
all of these choices are correct
moral development includes moral -feelings -behaviors -thought - all of these choices are correct
all of these choices are correct
Denise helps organize a five-mile walk to raise money for a good cause, the Brain Injury Association. Denise's work is an act of
altruism
moral identity
an aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives
forgiveness
an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation
The Child Development Project is an example of
an integrated approach to moral education
Religiousness is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
attendance at religious services
religiousness is associated with all of the following EXCEPT -attendance at religious services -frequency of discussing religious teachings -frequency of prayer -overall importance of religion in everyday life
attendance at religious services
which of the following statements regarding religiousness around the world is TRUE? -emerging adults in developing nations were more likely than their counterparts in developed nations to be religious -attending religious services is highest at age 12 -belief in God is high among adolescents and emerging adults in Japan -attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20
attending religious services declines from ages 14-18 and then rises again at age 20
Carol Gilligan's theory is based on a(n) ______ perspective toward morality
care
Isabel learns in school that some behaviors, such as lying and cheating, are wrong and do harm to others. Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy?
character education
Isabel learns in school that some behaviors, such as lying and cheating, are wrong, are wrong and do harm to others. Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy? -values clarification -character education -explicit moral code -cognitive moral education
character education
Ms. Sacco's U.S. history students perceive her to be incompetent. They also think that she is unfair and that she does not care about her students. According to recent research, Ms. Sacco's students are likely to
cheat in her class
Mr. Gates, who teaches World Geography, frequently gives out a test and then leaves the room to pick up his mail in the office or to get coffee. What does research predict Mr. Gates' students are likely to do while he is out of the room?
cheat on his tests
Kendra's class on moral education consists of small-group discussions on a number of moral issues. Kendra's school has adopted a _____ approach to moral education
cognitive moral education
According to Freud, when the moral standards of the _____ are violated, the individual feels _____.
conscience; guilt
Researchers consider the core of all three types of moral exemplars to include the traits of honesty and
dependability
Recent research has found that having a weak moral identity is related all but which of the following?
drug use
Aaron thinks about what kind of life he wants to live. He wonders if there really is a God, and whether he truly believes or is going along with the beliefs of his parents. Aaron is most likely in which developmental period?
emerging adulthood
Alex, age 12, always helps his elderly grandmother by carrying her plate to the table and making sure that she always has her cane ready before she gets up. Alex says he feels sad that his Nana is getting weaker and not able to do as much for herself. Alex is showing
empathy
According to the proponents of integrative ethical education, moral experts possess all of the following skills EXCEPT
ethical mandates
In a cognitive moral education program, teachers act as
facilitators
Freud believed in encouraging moral development in children by instilling
fear of losing parental love
research has found that moral children have parents who do all EXCEPT
foster an external sense of morality
research has found that moral children have parents who do all of the following EXCEPT -involve children in family decision making -foster an external sense of morality -use inductive discipline -model moral behaviors
foster an external sense of morality
Alyssa, age 17, was brought up in the Baptist church but recently she has begun to go to the Buddhist temple in the next town. She tells her parents that she is "all done with the Baptists." According to research, Alyssa probably
has conflict with her parents
Austin volunteers to help senior citizens learn basic computer skills. If Austin is like many students who participate in service learning, Austin will
have high grades in school
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of moral exemplars?
honest
Gilligan found that girls, ages 6-18, consistently interpreted moral dilemmas in terms of
human relationships
According to Freud, children develop the superego by
identifying with their same sex parent
Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's three stages of moral development?
identity development in emerging adulthood
The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for others of the adolescent's actions is known as
induction
The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is
internalization
people who lived exemplary lives are known as -moral exemplars -moral elitists -moral characters -moral dignnitaries
moral exemplars
Gretchen's moral notions and commitments are central to her life. A developmentalist would say that Gretchen has developed a
moral identity
Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the moral personality?
moral integrity
Recent research on the benefits for volunteers and those who receive volunteer services suggest that
more adolescents should be required to participate in service learning programs
Lance's parents encourage family discussions about value-laden issues such as the death penalty, abortion, and amnesty for illegal immigrants. As a result, Lance is likely to think at
more advanced levels of moral reasoning than other people his age
what are the two stages of conventional reasoning?
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (stage 3) and social systems morality (stage 4)
Moral rules are _____, while conventional rules are _____.
obligatory; optional
Moral rules are _____, while conventional rules are ______ -personal; impersonal -obligatory; optional -optional; obligatory -to promote organization; to ensure justice
obligatory; optional
In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ______ in moral development
parenting
In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ______ in moral development.
parenting
moral exemplars
people who have led exemplary lives
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have included all of the following, EXCEPT that Kohlberg
placed too much emphasis on moral behavior
The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is
postconventional reasoning
the highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is -universal reasoning -conventional reasoning -postconventional reasoning -utiliarian reasoning
postconventional reasoning
Chelsea's father takes away her cell phone and her iPod whenever she does something that he views as "disrespectful." Chelsea's father is using which of the following discipline techniques?
power assertion
Margaret's parents refuse to talk to her if she displeases them in any way. They tell her younger brother that Margaret is a big disappointment to them if she gets any grade below a B. Margaret's parents are using which of the following discipline techniques?
power assertion
Parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as
power assertion
parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as -induction -power assertion -authortative -love withdrawn
power assertion
Katie's parents know that their daughter will inevitably be confronted by peers who want to offer her alcohol or drugs. They spend time talking with her about how to resist these harmful situations, and they even role-play with her to increase her skills. Katie's parents are engaging in which type of parenting strategy?
pre arming
which of the following statements regarding prosocial behavior is NOT true? -prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than adolescence -adolescent females regard themselves as more prosocial than adolescent males -adolescents engage in more prosocial behavior than do children -the biggest gender difference in prosocial behavior is in kindness and considerate behavior
prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than adoelscence
Chip obeys adults because they tell him to obey them. According to Kohlberg, Chip is in which stage of moral development?
punishment and obedience orientation
The two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange, and
punishment and obedience orientation
the two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange and -social contract morality -social systems morality -punishment and obedience orientation -none of these choices are correct
punishment and obedience orientation
what are the two stages in preconventional reasoning?
punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2)
empathy
reaction to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings
An integrative approach to moral education encompasses the _____ and ______.
reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education
an integrative approach to moral education encompasses the _____ and _______ -reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education -cognitive moral education approach; service learning -care perspective of Gilligan; values clarification -reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; values clarification approach
reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education
Mr. Hale has his tenth-grade honors English class tutor younger children in reading and writing. Mr. Hale's students are engaged in
service learning
Moral character presupposes that the person has
set moral goals and is committed to act in accord with these goals
Which theory of moral development emphasizes a distinction between adolescent moral competence and moral performance?
social cognitive theory
what are the two stages of postconventional reasoning?
social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical purposes (stage 6)
Jodie is trying to decide how she feels about cheating and those who cheat. This internal struggle is consistent with which theory of moral development?
social domain theory
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level consists of two stages. One is called mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. The other is called
social systems morality
Lucia argues that community members need to obey laws in order for the community to work effectively. According to Kohlberg, Lucia is in which stage of moral development?
social systems morality
conscience
the component of the superego that discourages behaviors disapproved of by parents
ego ideal
the component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents
preconventional reasoning
the lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. at this level, morality is focused on reqard and punishment
care perspective
the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
hidden curriculum
the pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school
conventional reasoning
the second or intermediate level in Kohlberg's theory. individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others (external) such as parents or the laws of society
social cognitive theory of moral development
the theory that distinguishes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors) and moral performance (enacting those behaviors in specific situations)
postconventional reasoning
the third and highest level in kohlberg's theory. at this level, morality is more internal
social domain theory
theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. these domains arise from children's and adolescents' attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
social conventional reasoning
thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues
moral development
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
The goal of the integrative ethical education program is to
turn moral novices into moral exemplars
altruism
unselfish interest in helping another person
Our beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be are our
values
Maria participates in a moral education program where students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others. This program is using which approach to moral development?
values clarification
Recent research has shown that more college freshmen today than in 1990 are interested in
volunteer or community-service programs
