adolescence: identity development

independence becomes paramount

-process of separation and individuation from family is critical in identity development -want to become our own person while remaining connected to family -males have an easier time with this -family is our secure base (want freedom but still want to know they are there)

love in emerging adulthood

-searching for a soulmate -60% cohabitate with partner

identity issues

-self in relationships -sexual identity -ethnic identity -interests/values -body image -religiosity

reasons there is a new stage of development -emerging adulthood

-social and cultural changes -economic changes -demographic changes -change in the way young people view the meaning and value of becoming an adult

age of feeling in-between

-subjectivity, many emerging adults don't feel like an adolescent or adult

Jeffrey Arnett

-theory of emerging adulthood -proposes a new period of development in industrialized societies that is distinct from both adolescence and young adulthood

work/education in emerging adulthood

70% go on to school/training -change in jobs, residence, educational status -nearly 50% move back in with parents

love in young adulthood

75% of people are married by age 30 (or in a serious relationship)

work/education in adolescence

95% enrolled in school, -most live with parents

work/education in young adulthood

-only 10% enrolled in higher education at 30 -even fewer live with their parents at age 30

_____ parenting style is correlated with identity diffusion

-permissive

identity development

-achieving identity involves possessing a sense of who you are, where you're heading, and where you fit into society

5 features of emerging adulthood

-age of identity explorations -age of instability -a self focused stage -age of feeling in between -age of possibilities

____ parenting style correlated with identity foreclosure

-authoritarian

____ parenting style is correlated with identity achievement

-authoritative -free to become who you are and they won't reject you

age of instability

-changes in relationships, jobs, residence, educational status, etc.

identity achievement

-commitment made after crises experienced -individual has resolved his/her identity issues and made commitments to particular goals, beliefs and values

identity foreclosure

-commitment made and no crisis experienced -hasn't had any questioning -individual seems to know who he/she is but has latched onto an identity prematurely without exploration

the process of identity formation involves ____ and ____

-crisis and commitment

love in adolescence

-dating and love are more recreational -no expectation of marriage

age of identity explorations

-ericksons identity vs role confusion crisis is resolved -marcia's moratorium identity status -looking for identity based work -searching for a soul mate (intimacy vs isolation)

achievement and moratorium

-higher self esteem -feel more in control -view education favorably -more capable of sustaining intimate relationships

framework for assessing statuses

-identity achievement -identity moratorium -identity foreclosure -identity diffusion

demographic changes

-increase in the years devoted to higher education -1990-les than 5% of pop went to college -1960-25% of men go to college -now- 70% of ppl go to college -more people choosing not to marry -increases in average age for marriage and parenthood

identity development beings in ____ and continues through _____

-infancy and continues through adulthood - in adolescence we now have the cognitive ability to think more abstractly about who we are -adolescents become preoccupied with questions about their essential character

social and cultural changes

-invention of birth control pill (1964) and widespread availability of contraception -second wave of the feminist movement in the 60s and 70s

james marcia

-late adolescence (18-22) is a period of consolidation and testing of the initial identity construction that began in early adolescence -by late adolescence, it is possible to categorize the identity status of individuals into one of four categories

achievement and diffusion

-less capable of being in relationships (less compromising) -avoid making decisions -less capable of intimacy -poor time management -poor academic performance -more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol

age of possibilities

-less structured lives than adolescents or adults -lots of freedom

a self-focused stage

-lots of autonomy and independence -few responsibilities -not necessarily narcissistic -figuring out who you are -> resolving psychosocial crises

why Marcia's theory is not a stage theory

-most adolescents move from foreclosure to diffusion to moratorium and then achieved between their mid-teens and mid twenties -one can be in a different identity status for various identity domains -one must go through moratorium to reach identity achievement

change in the way young people view the meaning and value of becoming an adult

-new ambivalence about becoming an adult -50 years ago reaching adulthood was an achievement

identity moratorium

-no commitment made and is experiencing crisis -the individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers. -enduring commitments have not yet been made

identity diffusion

-no commitment made and no crises experienced -person has not yet thought about or resolves identity issues and has failed to chart directions in life.

achievement and foreclosure

-not willing to compromise who they are with anyone else -dogmatic, rigid, defensive -fear of rejection (drives foreclosure) -rule follower

emerging adulthood

-occurs from 18 through mid to late twenties -lots of heterogeneity (no normative experience) -lots of exploration in love, work, and world views -lots of instability or change

crisis

a period of role experimentation and exploration among alternative choices -interests are going to be guided by parents but once you get to adolescence you get to question that, -have to in order to proceed through identity development

what is identity

a persistent sameness within ones self and a sharing of ones essential character with others

commitment

demonstrating a personal commitment to particular values, beliefs and roles

autoritative

high on control, high on warmth

authoritarian

high on control, low on warmth

permissive

low on control, high on warmth

uninvolved

low on control, low on warmth

economic changes

technology -things have become automated -globalization