Adolescent Development quizlet

On average, females in the United states reach menarche, the time of their first menstrual period, at about ______ years of age.

12.5

Adolescents, on average, need about _____________ hours of sleep per night to function at their best.

9

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescents' drug and alcohol use is FALSE?

A permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems.

What is the scientific meaning of the term "adolescence"?

A time of transition from childhood to adulthood

Janice said, "My roommates believe that adolescents who commit serious crimes should receive the same harsh punishments as adults. I used to agree more about human brain development. I have decided that even adolescents who convicted of murder should have opportunities to improve their behaviors and eventually rejoin society. According to the identity status framework of James Marcia, Janice's most likely status related to her beliefs about the treatment of adolescent criminals is identity _________________.

Achieved

Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent relationships is FALSE?

Adolescents tend to fight more with their fathers than their mothers.

Which of the following lists the substances most likely to be used by adolescents?

Alcohol, marijuana, nicotine (e.g., tobacco, e-cigs)

Which of the following is an explanation for adolescents' failure to use contraception when sexual intercourse occurs?

All of the Above

Inhibitory control (referred to as response inhibition in our textbook) can be improved with practice, is adversely affected by alcohol, stress, and lack of sleep. Stronger inhibitory control skills are predictive of academic achievement and life success. Which of the following demonstrate inhibitory control skills?

All of the Above.

When teachers and schools are supportive yet demanding of students, students to have ______________________.

All of the above

Which of the following is a risk factor for dropping out of school before graduating?

All of the above

Which of the following American born adolescents is the most at risk for substance abuse problem?

Allen, who is Native American

People affected by which eating disorder tend to be less aware of their illness and, therefore, are less likely to recognize their need for help?

Anorexia

Which eating disorder is more likely to require hospitalization to help the affected individual improve?

Anorexia

Which type of problem is known to have a substantially greater rate of increase among people during their early childhood than during their adolescent years?

Anxiety

_____________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

Anxiety; delinquency

Research summarized by Dr. Giles in class recently, showed that college students who saw their parents more _____________ in their parenting practices was predictive of those students having relatively lower academic achievement, more adjustment problems, and more problems related to alcohol consumption compared to the other parenting styles included in the study.

Authoritarian

The middle school-aged boy and girl who live next door to you exhibit gender-related stereotypical behaviors (e.g., the boy is very aggressive and rough in his play, and the girl tends to give up easily when a task gets hard), also you have noticed that they both seem to be easily influenced by other adolescents. Which parenting style have the most likely experienced?

Authoritarian

Which parenting styles involves the parent being low in responsiveness toward the child's needs while also highly controlling of the child's behavior. This style can lead to lower feelings of autonomy in the child and, during adolescence, the child being more susceptible to peer influences?

Authoritarian

In a study guide done by Dr. Giles, students wrote about the characteristics of teachers that best helped them to well in school. It turns out that the top 2 characteristics described by students were warmth toward students and setting high expectations for students' performances. These two characteristics match up to the __________________ style of parenting.

Authoritative

Joshua feels that when a household rule seems unfair to him he can discuss it with his parents and even if they don't agree to change the rule, they listen to his opinion. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?

Authoritative

Research summarized in the Peer Chapter indicates that which way of dealing with bullying tends to lead to the best mental health outcome or the adolescent who is bullied?

Avoiding the bully and walking away when bullied

Which theoretical perspective focuses on the immediate environment and the use of reinforcements and punishments as a primary influence on human development?

Behaviorism

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors known to support resilience?

Being part of a crowd at school

Scientists in the _____________ Perspective of human development have argues that the changes in adolescents related to puberty are the primary explanation for the emotional ups and downs they experience.

Biosocial

Females need a certain amount of __________ to begin puberty and maintain a regular menstrual cycle.

Body fat

Which theory emphasizes the maturation imbalance of the limbic system and prefrontal cortex in adolescents as an explanation for behaviors such as their attraction to risky activities and high desires for social acceptance?

Dual Systems

At which period of development in the child is a family more likely to experience disruption and conflict in parent-child and/or sibling relationships?

Early adolescence

Which memory strategy is the best for improving long-term retention of information and understanding of content?

Elaboration (e.g., putting definitions in your own words)

Which of the following is NOT a good recommendation for improving the transition to adulthood in our country?

Eliminate high school programs that lead to apprenticeship-type positions in the community

In our society today, who is most likely to have a harder transition from childhood to adulthood?

Enrique, who's family is poor and live in an inner city area where there are few jobs

Which of the following statements about ethnic differences in parenting is CORRECT?

Ethnic minority parents may use the authoritarian style to protect their children from dangers outside of the home.

Scientists have discovered that there is a "reminiscence bump" associated with adolescence. Which of the following describes that "bump."

Even later in life, people tend to remember events from their adolescence more intensely and more accurately than from their other periods of life.

According to the definitions of the different parts of the Ecological Systems Theory, your significant other's workplace (a place you rarely visit but that he/she often feels stress about) is the best thought of as part of your _________.

Exosystem

____________, the "Father" of the scientific study of adolescence, called adolescence a time of "storm and stress." We now know from research that his emphasis on the role of hormones as an explanation for "mood swings" or "storm and stress" in adolescents was overstated.

G. Stanley Hall

Who is more at risk for negative outcomes in future years because of their experiences related to the timing of puberty?

Girls who go through puberty much earlier than their female peers.

Corrina is concerned because she learned her 13-year old son, Henry, and her 17-year old son, Gerald, were caught drinking. Which should she be more concerned about as he is more at risk for addiction?

Henry

You should associate Margaret Meed with the ________ Perspective of human development.

Historical/Anthropological

Our textbook author explains the working of the biological feedback loop that plays an important role in the onset of puberty and that regulates the levels of androgens and estrogens in your body. Scientifically, this feedback loop is often referred to as the HGP Axis. Which of the following correctly lists the three parts of this axis?

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads

Which of the following is NOT one of the three ingredients that our textbook author says make a "recipe for obesity"?

Income level

Steinberg explains that three-features of adolescent development especially distinguish this period of life change from other developmental periods (that is, give adolescence its "special flavor"). Which of the following is NOT one of those special features?

Increased opportunities to spend time alone.

Which of the following is NOT a real reason for why young adolescent males compared to females have greater gains in physical strength?

Increased production of androgens among females

Which of the following best captures advice provided by our textbook author for reducing adolescent risk taking?

Increasing the cost of cigarettes has been more effective way to reduce adolescent smoking than anti-tobacco education programs.

Harry Stack Sullivan's theory focuses on the transformations in ________________ from one stage to the next.

Interpersonal needs

Which of the following best describes Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

It includes "school smarts", "street smarts", and the ability to solve novel problems.

One of the following individuals developed a theory that our textbook author included in his Organismic category. This person's theory has eight stages and the one for the adolescent stage of life emphasizes developing an understanding of one's self or identity. Who is the theorist?

Jean Piaget

Of the following researchers, whose work would be best to look up if you are interested in ideas about generational differences between adolescents and their parents and the ways that society may influence adolescents?

Kurt Lewin

The beliefs, values, and laws that have influenced the support of higher education in our country are, according to Urie Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, part of your _____________.

Macrosystem

Peter's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends and now they're worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. Which of the following best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use?

Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics.

For adolescents, which ethnic identity orientation tends to be associated with more problems (e.g., lower school achievement, higher rates of teen pregnancy, more substance abuse)?

Marginal

What hormone plays a role in helping us feel sleepy and is released in the brains of adolescents about 2 hours later, on average, after they have gone through puberty than before they were in puberty?

Melatonin

Jimmy's family lives in a dangerous part of town where most adolescents feel they need to be part of a gang to feel safe. However, Jimmy's family, close neighbors, and fellow church members all stay in touch with one another and make a point of letting Jimmy know they are there for him and expect him to stay clean and do well in life. Brofenbrenner would call the inner connections in Jimmy's environment a positive, rich __________.

Mesosystem

Urie Brofenbrenner theorized that richer connections across the different social settings where the adolescent spends his days will lead to more positive outcomes for the adolescents' development. What part of Brofenbrenner's model focuses on such connections?

Mesosystem

Which of the following related to Sexual Orientation is TRUE?

Modern scientific research indicates genetics and/or prenatal environment may influence or sexual orientation

In class, Dr. Giles described research on adolescents' lying to their parents. Which of the following statements about that research is CORRECT?

Most parents appear to mistakenly believe that their teens feel they can talk with them about anything.

Which of the following is TRUE about the sexual activity of adolescents?

Most teen sexual relations involve commitment and emotional closeness.

Information processing research shows that during adolescence thinking becomes quicker. Which of the following likely plays a role in cognitive ability?

Myelination

Natalie's mom believes that adolescent peers influence each other only in negative ways such as using illegal drugs. Given what you learned in our textbook and class about adolescent peer relationships, which of the following is most accurate?

Natalie's mom is wrong - adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other.

Based on modern understanding of the human brain, scientist propose that the most important brain fact for all people to know is that, throughout our lives, the brain can change in response to our efforts and experiences. This ability of the brain to change is best referred to as ___________.

Neuroplasticity

Which of the following is a TRUE statement based on our discussion of Arnett's (1998) article "Learning to stand alone..." and his survey?

One of the top criteria for adulthood in Arnett's research and also among members of our class was "Accept responsibility for consequences of your actions."

There are different possible ways that schools can try to reduce the likelihood of students dropping out. Which of the following is a promising program for preventing adolescents from dropping out of school?

One that combines guided discussions of life options with classes that use a service learning approach.

Which statement about the development sequence of coming out is CORRECT?

Parental understanding strongly predicts better mental health in those who are coming out or have come out.

Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?

Problem behavior is likely a sign that something is wrong that needs attention from caring adults.

Of the following, which development would usually occur last in female?

Regular ovulation

James Marcia framework for classifying the identity status of young people focuses on their levels of exploration and commitment in three main areas of life. Which of the following is NOT one of those areas?

Schooling

Margaret just found out that she has a failing grade in Adolescent Development. What kind of coping strategy is she using if she says to herself: "Psychology is just not my thing. Luckily, this course is not required for my major."

Secondary, primary

__________________ strategies are more effective in situations that are not within the individual's control; _______________ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems.

Secondary; Primary

Researchers using which theoretical perspective would be most likely to investigate possible inter-generational conflict among modern young people and their parents?

Sociological

Viewing languages and number systems as "tools" for thinking is an important aspect of which theory?

Steinberg's Triarchic Theory

In class (and on BOLT), Dr. Giles has provided information about four practices students can use to improve their long-term memory and understanding of course content. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the research supported practices that she recommends?

Students retain more information over the long term when they study in one long session instead of doing several shorter sessions.

Into what three categories do psychologists divide the psycho social problems of adolescence?

Substance abuse, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems

Which of the following is TRUE regarding an overall conclusion drawn from recent research on the brain development of adolescents?

Synaptic pruning appears to play a role in some of the ways we improve cognitively from childhood to adolescence.

Which of the following describes the psychosocial developmental task that Erik Erikson said is most prominent during our first stage of life and, therefore, forms of the foundation for all subsequent stages of psychosocial development?

The ability to have in trust in others.

Which of following is NOT one of the three-based explanations for why children's self-evaluations tend to become more negative at about age 11-12?

The changes in children's relationships with parents

What two social trends have helped to reshape the transition to adulthood in contemporary society?

The need for more extensive formal schooling because jobs require more training, which, in turn, has resulted in a larger division between the affluent and poor in our society.

Dr. Giles has explained that the study of human development is usually divided into three main domains or paths (physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development). Which of the following best describes the relationship among the three?

The physical, social-emotional, and cognitive domains interact and influence each other.

Which of the following is TRUE of Vygotsky's ideas about cognitive development?

The ultimate goal of instruction should be for the learner to become self-regulating.

Jeffrey Arnett has explained that the period of life he calls emerging adulthood differs from adolescence in at least 3 different ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways?

The young person has settled down and experiences fewer changes in relationships compared to when he/she was an adolescent.

Which of the following statements concerns sexual-minority (LGBT) is FALSE?

Their progress through the phases of dating and romance is like that of heterosexual adolescents.

According to modern scientific understanding of serious problem behaviors in adolescents, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

They likely are a sign that something is wrong and that the adolescent needs help.

What does research say, in general, about Comprehensive Sex Education programs?

They work effectively, for example, by reducing teen pregnancies and the incident of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Which of the following statements about parental divorce and the effect on children/adolescents is FALSE?

Two parents are always better than one; therefore it is always better for parents to stay together for their children than to divorce.

Which of the following is TRUE about the sexual behaviors and/or sex education of high school students in the U.S.?

U.S. high school students report that "home" (theirs or companion's) is where they most frequently

Which of the following related to career choice/development is CORRECT?

Youth today are likely to have a harder time achieving their career-related identity compared to their parents and grandparents.

The term "nature" as used in studies of human development refers to ____________.

a person's genetic and biological make-up.

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:

a status offense

Adolescents who are under a great deal of stress are at risk for ________________.

any of the above as stress affects different people in different ways.

The secular trend in the timing of puberty from the mid-1800s through mid-1900s was likely the result of _____________.

better general health and nutrition

According to our textbook, _______________ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _______________ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.

cliques; crowds

If you feel stressed because of this test, your body is likely to react by producing increased levels of ___________, which can help you be more focused. However, when a person is exposed to high levels of this hormone chronically and for long periods of time (as when an adolescent lives in a chaotic and harsh family), they may experience negative effects on their health and functioning.

cortisol

Ruben and Marianne are both high school sophomores, Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year. Marianne works about 8 hours per week. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:

drop out of school

Jeffrey Arnett, an expert in the development of young people, proposes ___________ as the name for the time of young people feel that they are no longer just an adolescent but also not fully an adult.

emerging adulthood

Many immigrant families place an especially high value on ___________, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual.

familism

Margaret is able to understand when a situation is ironic and gets the sarcastic comments of her friends; in chemistry she is able to consider multiple possible variables at one time and consider what may happen if she varies different ones. Most likely Margaret is in Piaget's __________ stage.

formal operation

When deciding which book to purchase, Enrique goes through a systematic process and first selects the genre he is most interested in, then rules out the books over his budget, and finally considers the authors he likes. Most likely Enrique in Piaget's ___________ stage.

formal operational

Jane often seems to have a chip on her shoulder. For example, when George accidentally bumped her desk, Jane jumped up immediately, shoved George, and accused him of running into her desk on purpose. Which of the following is used by psychologists to describe Jane's reaction?

hostile attributional bias

At the juvenile delinquency facility, Brandon learned from his peers how to become an even more successful shoplifter. His treatment had what psychologist call a/an ________________ effect.

iatrogenic

Burt was sent to detention for mouthing off to a teacher. The desired goal for this punishment was to get him to realize that he needs to treat teachers with respect. Instead, Burt used his detention time to plan ways to get back at the teacher who reported him. His punishment had what psychologist call a/an __________________ effect.

iatrogenic

John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. What characteristic is he exhibiting?

imaginary audience

Deliberate controlled aggression is known as _____________ and these adolescents tend to be more popular than whose who show _____________, which is unplanned and tends to be more emotional.

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

The fact that the experience of adolescence has differed substantially across time and cultures supports the argument that the experience ________________.

largely depends on how society views this time of life

Margaret hears her older sisters often complaining about how miserable they are during menstruation. Research indicates that Margaret's exposure to the negativity of her older sisters increases her chances of having __________.

more severe menstrual symptoms than her peers.

Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable report ____________________.

more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers

What factors explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

nonshared environment

Of the following activities, today's teenagers spend the most hours ______________.

on leisure activities

Our textbook reports that, in general, Black girls feel more ________ about their appearances compared to girls of other racial backgrounds, and, therefore, tend to have ____________________ overall self-esteem.

positive; higher

According to research reported in our textbook, which of the following has turned out to be one of the best ways to reduce adolescent smoking?

raising the price of cigarettes

According to information provided in our textbook, the biggest threat to adolescents' health is _________.

risky behaviors

Jack and his older brother Mike are both into sports, but Jack has chosen soccer as his favorite sport to play whereas Mike has always been into baseball. The pursuit of expertise in a different sport from his older brother has likely helped Jack feel more individually recognized by his parents and may help these brothers get along better. Jack's behavior provides an example of what our textbook refers to as ___________________.

sibling deidentification

Which more applies to adolescents' than children's thinking capabilities?

tendency to question the rules and views of others

Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. His eligibility to legally vote in our country is one indication that Jacob has reached _________.

the age of majority

The fact that books for parents of teenagers tend to ficus on problems instead of normal development is a concern because:

the more parents believe in negative stereotypes, the worse their relationship with their teenagers will become

An extremely large study described in our textbook included over 160,000 adolescents from 35 countries and found that:

the prevalence of bullying is higher in schools and countries where there is greater economic inequality among people.

Piaget was a constructivist who argued that __________.

the prior knowledge of individuals influences their learning.

Of the following possible influences on adolescents, which is the most important influence on their psychological well being (e.g., the one that could best make up for deficits in other areas of the adolescent's life?)

the quality of the parent-child relationship

Early maturing females and males are more likely than their on-time developing peers to engage in behaviors such as smoking and drinking at an early age. Scientist explain that a likely reason is because ________________.

they want to fit in physically and begin associating with older adolescents, and the older adolescents influence their negative ways.

According to our textbook and class lecture, reduced sexual risk-taking is associated with __________________.

warm parent communication about sexual behaviors and the use of contraception

You are weighing the different answer options to a multiple choice question and trying to decide which answer is correct. According to the information processing perspective, you do this thinking in your _____________.

working memory