Adult Development & Aging Exam 2

Most elderly individuals without a spouse in the US prefer to:

"...cultivate close relationships with siblings and friends."

Which of the following is a valid statement of a difference between Erikson's stage theory and Loevinger's stage theory of development?

"A person must complete the developmental tasks in one stage before moving to the next."

Based on existing research, which of the following is TRUE of adult children of divorce?

"Adult children are as effected emotionally as young children."

Which of the following is NOT a trait found to be stable by Costa and McCrae?

"All traits remained stable"

The life-span/life-space theory is based on which of the following concepts?

"Its based on the concept that individuals develop careers in stages, and that career decisions aren't isolated from other aspects of their lives."

Wayne is a married 71-year-old grandfather. Based on existing research, we can conclude that:

"Married grandfathers have more interaction with their grandchildren than widowed grandfathers."

Which of the following is most accurate about family influences on career choices of children?

"Middle-class families are more likely to encourage college than working class families. Education level of the parents plays a big role."

Analyses of marriage and cohabitation rates in the US over the past several decades suggest that among young people in their early 20s, ___________________________.

"People are marrying later and cohabitation is on the rise"

Your friends Jeff and Lucia are considering living together as a kind of trial run, to see if they want to get married or not. They know you are studying psychology, and ask you whether psychologists know anything about couples who live together. Which of the following would best describe the current information?

"People who cohabit before marriage have an increased likelihood of separation than those who don't"

Vaillant suggested that his levels of defense mechanisms are a way to measure psychological maturity and well-being. Which of the following is an argument he probably offered in support of this assertion?

"The lower the level, the more graceful you are at coping with uncomfortable situations."

Which of the following is most accurate in regards to research on grandparents as surrogate parents?

"The main problems were with the grandchildren's parents and with the grandchildren's learning capacities (ADD/ADHD)."

Research on Gutmann's theory of gender crossover is best captured by the statement that ________________.

"There's no true cross-over, rather a heightened expression of hidden masculine/feminine traits"

In the US the roles of men and women have changed over the past few decades. Which of the following best describes the relationship between male and female gender roles in our current culture?

"Women have moved into the workplace in large numbers and taken traditionally masculine roles, but men have not take on feminine roles to the same extent."

Which of the following are distinctly human, according to Maslow's theories concerning positive well-being?

"being motives"

Early gender roles in partnerships, before children are born, are more ____________________.

"loose; not as defined"

According to the marital crisis effect:

"married people are healthier because they have not yet experienced divorce or been widowed"

An article written by Erikson would NOT emphasize development that _____________________.

(?)

According to the US Bureau of Labor (2013), women earn salaries that average ____________ of those earned by men.

81%

For what type of jobs, if any, does job performance decline past midlife?

A job with a high reaction time and speed requirement (i.e. professional athlete)

___________________ who provide care for elderly relatives are less apt to experience caregiver burden and depression than ____________.

African-Americans; Whites

Which is the highest level of development in Jane Loevinger's theory?

Autonomous stage (integrated stage)

Which of the following groups of people are likely to retire the LATEST?

Black and hispanic men

Like other social ills, poverty in old age is not equally distributed across ethnic groups or gender. Of the following older individuals, who is more apt to live his/her Golden Years in poverty?

Black and hispanic women

There are numerous studies comparing the effects on children of mothers who work. What finding(s) was/were noted consistently?

Children have more egalitarian attitudes, husbands spend more time with the children as well.

The school of thought that explains gender roles as dispositional traits we are genetically predisposed to perform is known as _________________.

Evolutionary psychology

Researchers have used a number of theories to explain the topic of what attracts one person to another or two people to each other. Which of the following theories below best exemplifies the trade-off we often make with intimate partners such as a sense of humor offsetting a physical unattractive trait, for example, being overweight?

Exchange theory

________________________ often have a more open partnership or nonexclusive agreement.

Gay men

Imagine that you are a business executive and you are about to have a meeting with a rival executive whom you know is a woman. You know nothing else about her, but you imagine that she must be less competitive than your male colleagues--probably more conciliatory. What process are you demonstrating with such thoughts?

Gender-role sterotyping

Which of the following is TRUE?

IDK :(

Leonard is 66 years of age and still in the labor force. Based on what you know about "retirement shunners" what would you guess his occupation to be?

Likely a professor (academia) --------> "their personal lives blend into their professional lives."

The concept of gender role crossover suggests that at some point in the life cycle, men begin to take on aspects of the women's role and women take on aspects of the men's role. At what stage does Gutmann think this occurs?

Mid-life

The strongest predictor of the timing of retirement is _______________.

Money or health(?)

Which two groups, among families at different stages of the family life cycle, show the highest levels of marital satisfaction?

Newlyweds/Empty-nesters

Which of the following best describes the relationship between job satisfaction and age?

Older workers are more satisfied than younger workers (better pay, more challenging jobs, more job security, more authority).

David Gutmann refers to the magnification of gender role differences after the birth of the first child as ________________.

Parental Imperative

Which new adult role is accompanied by a decrease in marital happiness and satisfaction?

Parenthood

In Gottman's research he asks couples to "tell the story of us." Based on _____________, he found that the couple will almost certainly be together four years later.

Positive patterns outweighing the negative patterns

In the final stage of the family life cycle, roles become _________________.

Simplified

On which of Holland's personality dimensions is a minister likely to score the highest?

Social

Life-Span theory is divided into 5 distinct career stages, each with developmental tasks. Which stage is NOT matched correctly with the appropriate developmental task?

Stage Age(s) Task Growth 4-14 Develop self-concepts about work Exploration 15-24 Crystallize career preference Establishment 25-44 Stabilize and advance in job Maintenance 45-65 Hold job Disengagement 65+ Decelerate work life/retirement focus

If an adult said, "What I learned at home and in my church is what I live by. The approval of my friends and the stability of my family matter the most to me," this adult is most likely functioning at which level or stage in Loevinger's model of ego development?

The conformist stage

Late-life divorce usually results in what change for the adult daughter?

They become confidants for the mother and the family social director for the father.

Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of the 5-factor personality structure across ______________.

a large number of backgrounds

Of all his six siblings, Bernard lived the longest. All his sisters and brothers died of various illness at much younger ages than Bernard, who died at the age of 92. Bernard was most likely high in the personality trait of:

agreeableness

When researchers compared two groups of older adults, those 74-84 and those 85-92, the older group showed higher sores for ____________.

agreeableness

When Esther and Harold retired 10 years ago, they moved down to Arizona, away from their children. In Longino's labeling system, their current move would be called a(n) _______________.

amnity move

Self-actualization, according to Maslow's theory, occurs _______________.

at the highest level

Adults with a secure attachment

believe that the world is a safe place and welcome the challenges life presents to them.

The limited data we have suggests that personal convoys _______________ over time.

change

According to Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory, individuals cannot thrive without satisfying the following:

competence, autonomy, and relatedness (eudaimonia)

Carstensen's "socioemotional selectivity theory" suggests that over adulthood, our relationships with friends should become _______________.

deeper/more meaningful

What is one reason more women work part time than men do full time?

demographics, women don't hold jobs as long, women focus on work & family more often than men

Critics of Holland's theory argue that those adults who find a job that matches their vocational interests _____________________.

does not predict that one will advance in the job or stay with it long term

According to _________________ theory, today's members of our species have biological systems that foster the formation and maintenance of social relationships, and this is manifested in a universal "need to belong".

evolutionary psychology

Soldz and Vaillant found that the higher a person scored on _________________, the more money he made.

extraversion

Proximal causes of the origins of gender roles means _______________.

factors that are present in the immediate environment

Dr. Mendez was giving and invited address on the topic of dating among college students. She stated that people begin with a large pool of potential mates and gradually eliminate those who do not fit our specifications. She was clearly describing ______________ of mate selection.

filter theory

Nona, a college student, was asked to rank her grandparents according to the time she spent with them and the closeness she felt to them. Based on research, we would expect Nona to rank ______________ the highest.

her mother's mother

Sibling relationships are most significant ___________________.

in early and late-adulthood

In older adults, __________________ is related to higher levels of ego development.

integrative themes

Sharleen is experiencing job stress and burn out. She most likely_____________.

is a nurse or social worker, OR has: low levels of hardiness, an external locus of control, and an avoidant coping style.

Anthropologist Helen L. Fisher (2000, 2004) suggests that mate selection depends on three distinct emotional systems: ______________, ___________, and _______________.

lust; attraction; attachment

Research on the effects of genetics on career choice (using a score based on occupational status) showed us that

monozygotic twins' occupational status scores correlated significantly more than the scores for dizygotic twins.

The key feature of unsuccessful marriages (those most likely to end in divorce), according to Gottman's research, is _______________.

negative patterns outweighing the positive patterns

African-American baby boomers give more assistance of all types to their parents compared to their white counterparts because

of their personal beliefs about parent-child obligation.

Enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting are referred to as ________________.

personality

Juanita, a very extraverted female, just learned that her father's cancer has spread. Weeks before, she had agreed to go with her friend to a party, but while she was there, she was very quiet and withdraw. This short-lived pattern of being quiet and withdrawn would be considered a ______________.

personality state

Each of us tends to choose environments or situations in which our existing personality traits will be reinforced or supported. Caspi and colleagues refer to this as ___________.

proactive transactions

Al has income coming in every month from rental property he has owned for the last two decades. This source of income would be referred to as:

retirement-related value

Research on gender roles around the world shows that __________________.

roles are consistent across cultures

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes place in _______________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve.

stages

Marissa, a nurse, is married to Sean, a high school teacher. They have two children in middle school. Consistent with the most recent data,

the children are better off than those with out both parents working.

Theorists of attachment suggest that in childhood we each create a sort of template of relationships that is applied to later interactions. Such a template is called _______________.

the internal working model

Unlike today, early social role theory described adulthood in terms of:

the number of roles an individual occupied at different stages of life

During which age period is the highest density of shifts in social roles found?

young adulthood