Advanced Biology Mid-Term
What is Mike Lesifko smooth at?
He's smooth walkin', smooth talkin'.
Movement as defined for living organisms, includes all of the following except:
None of these; all are types of movement in living organisms
Identify the hydrogen ion concentration that represents the lowest pH from the following list:
a. 1 x 10^-3
What is the OH- concentration of a solution having a pH of 2?
a. 1 x 10^12
The formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4 labeled:
a. A
Which of the following is not a property of carbon?
a. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds.
In all organisms, hereditary information is encoded within:
a. DNA
Analysis of a certain polymer shows it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound?
a. It is most likely ribonucleic acid
Which of the following statements is true of proteins?
a. Proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if their three-dimensional structure is disrupted
The primary difference between the amino acids commonly found in proteins is in their:
a. R or variable groups
In the classic experiments by Bracht and Hammerling, the nucleus of Acetabularia was removed, the cap was cut off, a nucleus of a different species was inserted, and the cap was allowed to regenerate. The new cap was then removed. After the second regeneration, the cap was observed, and the following conclusion was made:
a. The shape of the cap was controlled by the nucleus, thus, the nucleus was the control center of the cell.
Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. Water heats up and cools down very quickly
The representation of H-O-H is known as:
a. a structural formula
A hypothesis is:
a. a tentative explanation
A stalk of celery is placed in a solution of blue colored dye (dye is dissolved in water). After one hour, the leaves have blue fluid in their veins. Which property of water is being demonstrated?
a. adhesion and cohesion
The difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion is that:
a. an ion has an unequal number of protons and electrons, while an atom has an equal number
When tissues organizes they form:
a. an organ
Identify the chemical(s) that act(s) as a buffer in human blood:
a. bicarbonate
A cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells is the:
a. chloroplast
The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells
A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:
a. cis face to medial region to trans face
An organic compound differs from an inorganic compound in that an organic compound:
a. contains carbon
The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to:
a. hydrogen bonds
Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to the remarkable "water walking" success of the aquatic insects pictured in the figure below?
a. hydrogen bonds
Which characteristics of water makes the existence of pH possible?
a. ionization
The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:
a. magnification
Which pair is mismatched?
a. monosaccharide-maltose
The major difference between a structural lipid, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact that the structural lipid:
a. most commonly contains a polar phosphate.
The ultimate source of genetic variation within a population is:
a. mutations in DNA
The following amino acid would be characterized as _____________ based on the chemical properties of its side chain.
a. nonpolar
A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:
a. nucleus
Chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell. The number of electrons it must gain to complete its valence shell is:
a. one
Molecular chaperones are proteins that mediate the folding process of:
a. other proteins
In a water molecule, because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the shared electrons are more commonly found around the _________ nucleus than the ___________ nucleus.
a. oxygen; hydrogen
At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?
a. primary
Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem?
a. producers -> consumers -> decomposers
If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?
a. protein synthesis
Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:
a. reactants are within close proximity to each other
Which covalent bond involves only two electrons:
a. single
Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because:
a. the covalent bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon are nonpolar
The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol will yield:
a. three fatty acids and one glycerol
Figure 2-1 represents:
a. two isotopes of the same element
Based on your knowledge of basic geometric relationships, the actual surface area to volume ratio for Figure B in Figure 4-1 is:
b. 0.06
In Figure 3-2, ionic attractions would form between the R groups of which amino acids?
b. 2 and 4
The molecular mass of C6H12O6 is 180 amu. 0.25 moles of this substance contain:
b. 45 g
You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on this evidence you correctly assign this organism to the Kingdom:
b. Protista
Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:
b. RNA
The molecular fragment represented in Figure 3-3 is:
b. RNA
Which of the following elements is NOT responsible for a significant portion of the mass of living organisms?
b. S
Which of the following statements represents a good hypothesis?
b. The swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temperatures.
Which of the following statements concerning van der Waal interactions is FALSE:
b. They are very strong
Which one of the following is a characteristic of asexual, as opposed to sexual, reproduction?
b. a cell splitting in half
All of the members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute:
b. a population
The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?
b. accepting vesicles from the ER
A salt is a compound in which the hydrogen ion of _________ is replaced by some other cation.
b. an acid
The science of life is:
b. biology
Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?
b. chloroplasts
A chemical reaction in which polymers are synthesized from their building blocks is called:
b. condensation
Proteins with alpha helical forms exhibit this property:
b. elasticity
Evaporative cooling is a process whereby ____________ moving ____________ molecules vaporize, thus ____________ large amounts of heat.
b. fast; water; removing
The units of hereditary information are:
b. genes
A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells:
b. glycogen
If a particular protein were being produced in excess of the cell's needs, then _________ mechanisms intervene to stop production.
b. homeostatic
The process whereby water molecules surround ions during the process of dissolving is called:
b. hydration
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
b. integrins—receptors
Which component becomes oxidized in the following chemical reaction: 4 Fe + 3 O2 -> 2 Fe2O3
b. iron
A good hypothesis:
b. is falsifiable
An atom becomes a cation if:
b. it loses one or more electrons
In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:
b. metabolism
Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?
b. microtubules
Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?
b. mitochondria
Figure 2-2 represents:
b. molecular hydrogen
DNA most directly determines which _________ are made by a cell.
b. polypeptides
The cellular structure indicated by the arrow is responsible for:
b. protein synthesis.
The particular type of element is determined by the number of:
b. protons
Which of the following is NOT involved in movement?
b. retina
In a mixture, which would be present in the least amount?
b. solute
Amyloplasts are organelles that store:
b. starch
Which of the following is NOT a term related to information transfer in living systems?
b. taxon
Sequence A in Figure 1-1 represents:
b. the experimental group
The covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom in water is formed when:
b. the hydrogen and oxygen both share an electron pair
If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:
b. the quaternary structure of a protein
The chemical interactions of large organic molecules are largely determined by:
b. their functional groups
Some proteins are important biological buffers because:
b. they contain weakly acidic and weakly basic groups
Monosaccharides are water soluble because:
b. they have a large number of polar hydroxyl groups
A sampling error could occur from:
b. very few individuals in the control group
The difference between a stable isotope and a radioisotope is that:
b.the radioisotope emits radiation
Which portion of the following molecule is most directly involved in transferring energy?
c. 3
Hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in Figure 3-2?
c. 3 and 6
At what temperature is water most dense?
c. 4 degrees Celsius
Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA?
c. DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis
To what Kingdom do I belong? I am neither prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and I obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into my environment.
c. Fungi
The _________ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center.
c. Golgi complex
Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct?
c. They are generally liquids at room temperature
Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?
c. They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
An amphipathic molecule has:
c. a hydrophobic and a hydrophillic portion
You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as:
c. a microtubule
The type of bond illustrated in Figure 2-2 is:
c. a single covalent bond
It is advantageous for cells to be small because:
c. a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport.
As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move. Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:
c. actin filaments
When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution does not change markedly. The pH also does not change drastically when a small amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to this same solution. Based on these observations, the compound NA2HPO4 is:
c. acting as a buffer
This functional group is weakly basic because it can accept an H+ ion:
c. amino
This characteristic of a molecule determines the ability of hydrogen bonds to form between it and hydrogen:
c. an atom with a partial negative charge
Carbohydrate molecules:
c. are a source of energy
The cell theory states that all living organisms:
c. are composed of basic units called cells
Which of the following is the most basic level of chemical organization?
c. atom
A solution having a pH of 6 would:
c. be slightly acidic
An element is defined as a substance that:
c. cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical reactions
Which of the following is NOT a concept or term related to evolution?
c. cellular respiration
Which of the following carbohydrates is most structurally complex?
c. cellulose
A basal body is most closely related to a:
c. centriole
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
c. centrosome—cell division
The main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3 is:
c. conversion of food molecules to ATP
The structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3:
c. cristae
Which of the following is NOT a cell covering or part of a cell covering?
c. cristae
In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?
c. glycogen -> glucose
One strategy that allows larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio is:
c. having thin, finger-like projections.
The highly polarized nature of compounds containing carboxyl groups can be attributed to the presence of two:
c. highly electronegative oxygen atoms
The process illustrated in Figure 3-1 is called:
c. hydrolysis
ATP is important in living organisms because:
c. it can transfer some of its energy to other chemicals
Glucose dissolves in water because:
c. it has polar hydroxyl groups that interact with polar water molecules
Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. In this name, the specific epithet is:
c. mays
Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:
c. neutrons only
Covalently bonded atoms with similar electronic negativities are:
c. nonpolar
This molecule transmits hereditary information:
c. nucleic acid
Which pair matches the correct macromolecule with the bond that joins its subunits?
c. nucleic acid-phosphodiester linkage
When a nucleic acid undergoes hydrolysis, the resulting sub units are:
c. nucleotides
Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope because:
c. of the very short (nanometer) wavelengths of electrons.
Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same:
c. order
Which component is the oxidizing agent in the following chemical reaction: 4 Fe + 3 O2 -> 2 Fe2O3
c. oxygen
In Darwin's theory of evolution, adaptation involves changes in:
c. populations
In the experimental evaluation of a new drug, a placebo serves the purpose of
c. removing the potential psychological bias of the patient in the study
Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?
c. ribosomes
Which of the following atoms would most likely be involved in an ionic bond?
c. sodium
It takes 1 calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius at sea level. This is referred to as the __________ of water.
c. specific heat
When a chemical equation is at equilibrium:
c. the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at equal rates
One benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that:
c. the interaction of the genes from both parents brings about genetic variation.
A molecule of a saturated triacylglycerol contains:
c. the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains
Which of the following stimuli most directly causes the Venus flytrap to catch an insect?
c. touch
The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 1 and 2 in the accompanying figure is:
c. two
Which of the following choices correctly identifies a reactant in the following chemical equation: CO2+ H2O <--> H2CO3
c. water
The atomic mass of the atom identified as A in Figure 2-1 is:
d. 12
Which scientist first viewed living cells?
d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Refer to Figure 4-4. If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?
d. D
Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:
d. Golgi complex
Which statement concerning systems biology is FALSE?
d. It focuses on the individual components rather than the whole.
Which statement concerning a scientific theory is FALSE?
d. It is unchangeable
Which of the following is NOT true of hormones?
d. They are a type of gene.
Which of the following is NOT true of proteins?
d. They are the code for molecules that are important for life processes.
The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that:
d. a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has 5 carbons.
Which of the following would form electrolytes in water?
d. an inorganic compound
Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:
d. basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.
Biological growth involves an increase in:
d. both the number and size of the cells
What macromolecule is composed entirely of beta-glucose units?
d. cellulose
Regulatory proteins:
d. control the expression of specific genes.
In an experiment, the control group:
d. does contain the variable being tested
The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of _________ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from ______ molecules.
d. dynein; ATP
You want to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain. Which of the following is the best technique for this purpose?
d. fluorescence microscopy
The two molecules in the following figure represent:
d. geometric isomers
Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins?
d. hydrogen bonds
Any chemical interact between atoms:
d. involves only valence electrons
Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with which of the following?
d. keratins
A covalent bond:
d. may be polar or nonpolar depending on the atoms involved
Which of the following is/are located between the primary walls of adjacent cells?
d. middle lamella
Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2?
d. molecular chaperone activity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms?
d. multicellularity
One of the conclusions drawn from Darwin's theory of evolution is that:
d. organisms living today descended with modifications from previously existing forms
The type of connection between the atoms at the point labeled 1 in Figure 3-3 is:
d. phosphodiester linkages
The most abundant molecules in this structure are:
d. phospholipids
The organelle featured in Figure 4-3:
d. plays a central role in energy metabolism
Which of the following terms includes the fewest species of organisms?
d. population
The accompanying figure is the product of a:
d. scanning electron microscope
Which of the following has a pH closest to that of human blood?
d. sea water
Differential centrifugation is a process that:
d. separates components of the cell that have different densities.
If we wanted to examine the effect of a fertilizer on the size of zucchini produced, we would need to establish both experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined by the following conditions:
d. soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds
Reductionism refers to the method of investigating structures by:
d. studying the parts of the structures
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
d. synthesizes lipids
The difference between the two atoms in Figure 2-1 is:
d. the number of neutrons
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by most directly by the:
d. the number of valence electrons
Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?
d. the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids
During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The reason for this is:
d. to mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them
A pH of 4 is ________ timers more ________ than a pH of 7.
e. 1000; acidic
How many molecules are present in one mole of C6H12O6?
e. 6.02 x 10^23 molecules
Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type?
e. All of these are correct.
Information in living organisms can be transmitted by:
e. All of these.
The structures in the micrograph are:
e. B and D
Which of the following is most directly associated with the theory of evolution?
e. Changing of populations over time.
Which of the following statements is false?
e. DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group
Which of the following statements about Figure 4-1 is true?
e. Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.
Identify the three basic themes in biology:
e. II, III, and V
Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids?
e. None of these; all are lipids
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
e. The 2nd energy level contains a maximum of 14 electrons.
Which of the following statements concerning steroids is FALSE?
e. They contain phosphodiester linkages
Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?
e. They have many oxygen-containing carboxyl groups
If atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons, then you conclude that:
e. X and Y are atoms of the same element.
The organism in the accompanying figure can be classified as:
e. a mammal
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of Burchell's zebras to their environment
e. asexual reproduction
The domain Eukarya includes all of the following EXCEPT:
e. bacteria
Which of these is most inclusive?
e. carbohydrate
Which of the following is produced via the process of cellular respiration?
e. carbon dioxide
If tyrosine and isoleucine undergo condensation, the new bond that is formed is between the:
e. carbon of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen of the amino group.
You isolate a compound that is insoluble in water, has alternating single and double bonds, and has a bright orange color. You correctly conclude that this compound is a:
e. carotenoid
DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called:
e. chromatin
Which property of water enables living things to survive in it?
e. density of ice
One function of peroxisomes involves the process of:
e. detoxification
An atom has six protons and eight neutrons. Its atomic mass is __________ atomic mass units.
e. fourteen
In a chemical reaction, the product is:
e. generally written on the right side and is the substance generated by the reaction
The scanning electron microscope differs from the transmission electron microscope in that the scanning electron microscope:
e. gives a three dimensional image of the object being studied.
A eukaryotic cell:
e. has a variety of membranous organelles
If you partially hydrogenate oleic acid, the resulting molecule most likely would:
e. have a double bond changed from cis to trans
A prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell in that a prokaryotic cell:
e. is exemplified by bacteria
Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:
e. maintain a constant internal environment
The products of the process in Figure 3-1 are:
e. monosaccharides
Sequence B in Figure 1-1 represents:
e. none of these
All of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except:
e. peptide bonds
If an organism is eukaryotic, then by definition it will:
e. possess a nucleus
In the deductive approach to scientific thought processes, we begin with __________ and make _________ based on that information.
e. premises; conclusions
Which of the following is NOT a concept or term related to the flow of energy through living systems?
e. sexual reproduction
In the formation of common table salt, sodium and chlorine interact because:
e. sodium donates one electron to chlorine
All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT:
e. storage of nucleic acids
This functional group forms cross bridges that help stabilize protein tertiary structure:
e. sulfhydryl
Autotrophs:
e. synthesize complex molecules from CO2, water, and energy.
Radioisotopes are used in all of the following scientific applications except:
e. the measuring the pH of the blood
Table salt dissolves easily in water because:
e. the partial positive charge of the hydrogens in the water molecule can associate with the negative charge of the chlorine ion, and the partial negative charge of the oxygen of the water molecule can associate with the positive charge of the sodium atom.
The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the:
e. three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain
