Advanced Biology Mid-Term

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What is Mike Lesifko smooth at?

He's smooth walkin', smooth talkin'.

Movement as defined for living organisms, includes all of the following except:

None of these; all are types of movement in living organisms

Identify the hydrogen ion concentration that represents the lowest pH from the following list:

a. 1 x 10^-3

What is the OH- concentration of a solution having a pH of 2?

a. 1 x 10^12

The formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4 labeled:

a. A

Which of the following is not a property of carbon?

a. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds.

In all organisms, hereditary information is encoded within:

a. DNA

Analysis of a certain polymer shows it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound?

a. It is most likely ribonucleic acid

Which of the following statements is true of proteins?

a. Proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if their three-dimensional structure is disrupted

The primary difference between the amino acids commonly found in proteins is in their:

a. R or variable groups

In the classic experiments by Bracht and Hammerling, the nucleus of Acetabularia was removed, the cap was cut off, a nucleus of a different species was inserted, and the cap was allowed to regenerate. The new cap was then removed. After the second regeneration, the cap was observed, and the following conclusion was made:

a. The shape of the cap was controlled by the nucleus, thus, the nucleus was the control center of the cell.

Which of the following statements is not correct?

a. Water heats up and cools down very quickly

The representation of H-O-H is known as:

a. a structural formula

A hypothesis is:

a. a tentative explanation

A stalk of celery is placed in a solution of blue colored dye (dye is dissolved in water). After one hour, the leaves have blue fluid in their veins. Which property of water is being demonstrated?

a. adhesion and cohesion

The difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion is that:

a. an ion has an unequal number of protons and electrons, while an atom has an equal number

When tissues organizes they form:

a. an organ

Identify the chemical(s) that act(s) as a buffer in human blood:

a. bicarbonate

A cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells is the:

a. chloroplast

The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:

a. cis face to medial region to trans face

An organic compound differs from an inorganic compound in that an organic compound:

a. contains carbon

The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to:

a. hydrogen bonds

Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to the remarkable "water walking" success of the aquatic insects pictured in the figure below?

a. hydrogen bonds

Which characteristics of water makes the existence of pH possible?

a. ionization

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

a. magnification

Which pair is mismatched?

a. monosaccharide-maltose

The major difference between a structural lipid, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact that the structural lipid:

a. most commonly contains a polar phosphate.

The ultimate source of genetic variation within a population is:

a. mutations in DNA

The following amino acid would be characterized as _____________ based on the chemical properties of its side chain.

a. nonpolar

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

a. nucleus

Chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell. The number of electrons it must gain to complete its valence shell is:

a. one

Molecular chaperones are proteins that mediate the folding process of:

a. other proteins

In a water molecule, because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the shared electrons are more commonly found around the _________ nucleus than the ___________ nucleus.

a. oxygen; hydrogen

At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?

a. primary

Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem?

a. producers -> consumers -> decomposers

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

a. protein synthesis

Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:

a. reactants are within close proximity to each other

Which covalent bond involves only two electrons:

a. single

Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because:

a. the covalent bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon are nonpolar

The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol will yield:

a. three fatty acids and one glycerol

Figure 2-1 represents:

a. two isotopes of the same element

Based on your knowledge of basic geometric relationships, the actual surface area to volume ratio for Figure B in Figure 4-1 is:

b. 0.06

In Figure 3-2, ionic attractions would form between the R groups of which amino acids?

b. 2 and 4

The molecular mass of C6H12O6 is 180 amu. 0.25 moles of this substance contain:

b. 45 g

You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on this evidence you correctly assign this organism to the Kingdom:

b. Protista

Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:

b. RNA

The molecular fragment represented in Figure 3-3 is:

b. RNA

Which of the following elements is NOT responsible for a significant portion of the mass of living organisms?

b. S

Which of the following statements represents a good hypothesis?

b. The swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temperatures.

Which of the following statements concerning van der Waal interactions is FALSE:

b. They are very strong

Which one of the following is a characteristic of asexual, as opposed to sexual, reproduction?

b. a cell splitting in half

All of the members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute:

b. a population

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?

b. accepting vesicles from the ER

A salt is a compound in which the hydrogen ion of _________ is replaced by some other cation.

b. an acid

The science of life is:

b. biology

Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?

b. chloroplasts

A chemical reaction in which polymers are synthesized from their building blocks is called:

b. condensation

Proteins with alpha helical forms exhibit this property:

b. elasticity

Evaporative cooling is a process whereby ____________ moving ____________ molecules vaporize, thus ____________ large amounts of heat.

b. fast; water; removing

The units of hereditary information are:

b. genes

A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells:

b. glycogen

If a particular protein were being produced in excess of the cell's needs, then _________ mechanisms intervene to stop production.

b. homeostatic

The process whereby water molecules surround ions during the process of dissolving is called:

b. hydration

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

b. integrins—receptors

Which component becomes oxidized in the following chemical reaction: 4 Fe + 3 O2 -> 2 Fe2O3

b. iron

A good hypothesis:

b. is falsifiable

An atom becomes a cation if:

b. it loses one or more electrons

In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:

b. metabolism

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

b. microtubules

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

b. mitochondria

Figure 2-2 represents:

b. molecular hydrogen

DNA most directly determines which _________ are made by a cell.

b. polypeptides

The cellular structure indicated by the arrow is responsible for:

b. protein synthesis.

The particular type of element is determined by the number of:

b. protons

Which of the following is NOT involved in movement?

b. retina

In a mixture, which would be present in the least amount?

b. solute

Amyloplasts are organelles that store:

b. starch

Which of the following is NOT a term related to information transfer in living systems?

b. taxon

Sequence A in Figure 1-1 represents:

b. the experimental group

The covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom in water is formed when:

b. the hydrogen and oxygen both share an electron pair

If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:

b. the quaternary structure of a protein

The chemical interactions of large organic molecules are largely determined by:

b. their functional groups

Some proteins are important biological buffers because:

b. they contain weakly acidic and weakly basic groups

Monosaccharides are water soluble because:

b. they have a large number of polar hydroxyl groups

A sampling error could occur from:

b. very few individuals in the control group

The difference between a stable isotope and a radioisotope is that:

b.the radioisotope emits radiation

Which portion of the following molecule is most directly involved in transferring energy?

c. 3

Hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in Figure 3-2?

c. 3 and 6

At what temperature is water most dense?

c. 4 degrees Celsius

Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA?

c. DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis

To what Kingdom do I belong? I am neither prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and I obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into my environment.

c. Fungi

The _________ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center.

c. Golgi complex

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct?

c. They are generally liquids at room temperature

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

c. They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

An amphipathic molecule has:

c. a hydrophobic and a hydrophillic portion

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as:

c. a microtubule

The type of bond illustrated in Figure 2-2 is:

c. a single covalent bond

It is advantageous for cells to be small because:

c. a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport.

As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move. Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:

c. actin filaments

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution does not change markedly. The pH also does not change drastically when a small amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to this same solution. Based on these observations, the compound NA2HPO4 is:

c. acting as a buffer

This functional group is weakly basic because it can accept an H+ ion:

c. amino

This characteristic of a molecule determines the ability of hydrogen bonds to form between it and hydrogen:

c. an atom with a partial negative charge

Carbohydrate molecules:

c. are a source of energy

The cell theory states that all living organisms:

c. are composed of basic units called cells

Which of the following is the most basic level of chemical organization?

c. atom

A solution having a pH of 6 would:

c. be slightly acidic

An element is defined as a substance that:

c. cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical reactions

Which of the following is NOT a concept or term related to evolution?

c. cellular respiration

Which of the following carbohydrates is most structurally complex?

c. cellulose

A basal body is most closely related to a:

c. centriole

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

c. centrosome—cell division

The main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3 is:

c. conversion of food molecules to ATP

The structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3:

c. cristae

Which of the following is NOT a cell covering or part of a cell covering?

c. cristae

In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?

c. glycogen -> glucose

One strategy that allows larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio is:

c. having thin, finger-like projections.

The highly polarized nature of compounds containing carboxyl groups can be attributed to the presence of two:

c. highly electronegative oxygen atoms

The process illustrated in Figure 3-1 is called:

c. hydrolysis

ATP is important in living organisms because:

c. it can transfer some of its energy to other chemicals

Glucose dissolves in water because:

c. it has polar hydroxyl groups that interact with polar water molecules

Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. In this name, the specific epithet is:

c. mays

Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:

c. neutrons only

Covalently bonded atoms with similar electronic negativities are:

c. nonpolar

This molecule transmits hereditary information:

c. nucleic acid

Which pair matches the correct macromolecule with the bond that joins its subunits?

c. nucleic acid-phosphodiester linkage

When a nucleic acid undergoes hydrolysis, the resulting sub units are:

c. nucleotides

Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope because:

c. of the very short (nanometer) wavelengths of electrons.

Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same:

c. order

Which component is the oxidizing agent in the following chemical reaction: 4 Fe + 3 O2 -> 2 Fe2O3

c. oxygen

In Darwin's theory of evolution, adaptation involves changes in:

c. populations

In the experimental evaluation of a new drug, a placebo serves the purpose of

c. removing the potential psychological bias of the patient in the study

Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?

c. ribosomes

Which of the following atoms would most likely be involved in an ionic bond?

c. sodium

It takes 1 calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius at sea level. This is referred to as the __________ of water.

c. specific heat

When a chemical equation is at equilibrium:

c. the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at equal rates

One benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that:

c. the interaction of the genes from both parents brings about genetic variation.

A molecule of a saturated triacylglycerol contains:

c. the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains

Which of the following stimuli most directly causes the Venus flytrap to catch an insect?

c. touch

The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 1 and 2 in the accompanying figure is:

c. two

Which of the following choices correctly identifies a reactant in the following chemical equation: CO2+ H2O <--> H2CO3

c. water

The atomic mass of the atom identified as A in Figure 2-1 is:

d. 12

Which scientist first viewed living cells?

d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Refer to Figure 4-4. If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?

d. D

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:

d. Golgi complex

Which statement concerning systems biology is FALSE?

d. It focuses on the individual components rather than the whole.

Which statement concerning a scientific theory is FALSE?

d. It is unchangeable

Which of the following is NOT true of hormones?

d. They are a type of gene.

Which of the following is NOT true of proteins?

d. They are the code for molecules that are important for life processes.

The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that:

d. a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has 5 carbons.

Which of the following would form electrolytes in water?

d. an inorganic compound

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:

d. basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.

Biological growth involves an increase in:

d. both the number and size of the cells

What macromolecule is composed entirely of beta-glucose units?

d. cellulose

Regulatory proteins:

d. control the expression of specific genes.

In an experiment, the control group:

d. does contain the variable being tested

The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of _________ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from ______ molecules.

d. dynein; ATP

You want to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain. Which of the following is the best technique for this purpose?

d. fluorescence microscopy

The two molecules in the following figure represent:

d. geometric isomers

Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins?

d. hydrogen bonds

Any chemical interact between atoms:

d. involves only valence electrons

Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with which of the following?

d. keratins

A covalent bond:

d. may be polar or nonpolar depending on the atoms involved

Which of the following is/are located between the primary walls of adjacent cells?

d. middle lamella

Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2?

d. molecular chaperone activity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms?

d. multicellularity

One of the conclusions drawn from Darwin's theory of evolution is that:

d. organisms living today descended with modifications from previously existing forms

The type of connection between the atoms at the point labeled 1 in Figure 3-3 is:

d. phosphodiester linkages

The most abundant molecules in this structure are:

d. phospholipids

The organelle featured in Figure 4-3:

d. plays a central role in energy metabolism

Which of the following terms includes the fewest species of organisms?

d. population

The accompanying figure is the product of a:

d. scanning electron microscope

Which of the following has a pH closest to that of human blood?

d. sea water

Differential centrifugation is a process that:

d. separates components of the cell that have different densities.

If we wanted to examine the effect of a fertilizer on the size of zucchini produced, we would need to establish both experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined by the following conditions:

d. soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds

Reductionism refers to the method of investigating structures by:

d. studying the parts of the structures

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

d. synthesizes lipids

The difference between the two atoms in Figure 2-1 is:

d. the number of neutrons

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by most directly by the:

d. the number of valence electrons

Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?

d. the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The reason for this is:

d. to mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them

A pH of 4 is ________ timers more ________ than a pH of 7.

e. 1000; acidic

How many molecules are present in one mole of C6H12O6?

e. 6.02 x 10^23 molecules

Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type?

e. All of these are correct.

Information in living organisms can be transmitted by:

e. All of these.

The structures in the micrograph are:

e. B and D

Which of the following is most directly associated with the theory of evolution?

e. Changing of populations over time.

Which of the following statements is false?

e. DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group

Which of the following statements about Figure 4-1 is true?

e. Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

Identify the three basic themes in biology:

e. II, III, and V

Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids?

e. None of these; all are lipids

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

e. The 2nd energy level contains a maximum of 14 electrons.

Which of the following statements concerning steroids is FALSE?

e. They contain phosphodiester linkages

Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?

e. They have many oxygen-containing carboxyl groups

If atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons, then you conclude that:

e. X and Y are atoms of the same element.

The organism in the accompanying figure can be classified as:

e. a mammal

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of Burchell's zebras to their environment

e. asexual reproduction

The domain Eukarya includes all of the following EXCEPT:

e. bacteria

Which of these is most inclusive?

e. carbohydrate

Which of the following is produced via the process of cellular respiration?

e. carbon dioxide

If tyrosine and isoleucine undergo condensation, the new bond that is formed is between the:

e. carbon of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen of the amino group.

You isolate a compound that is insoluble in water, has alternating single and double bonds, and has a bright orange color. You correctly conclude that this compound is a:

e. carotenoid

DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called:

e. chromatin

Which property of water enables living things to survive in it?

e. density of ice

One function of peroxisomes involves the process of:

e. detoxification

An atom has six protons and eight neutrons. Its atomic mass is __________ atomic mass units.

e. fourteen

In a chemical reaction, the product is:

e. generally written on the right side and is the substance generated by the reaction

The scanning electron microscope differs from the transmission electron microscope in that the scanning electron microscope:

e. gives a three dimensional image of the object being studied.

A eukaryotic cell:

e. has a variety of membranous organelles

If you partially hydrogenate oleic acid, the resulting molecule most likely would:

e. have a double bond changed from cis to trans

A prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell in that a prokaryotic cell:

e. is exemplified by bacteria

Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:

e. maintain a constant internal environment

The products of the process in Figure 3-1 are:

e. monosaccharides

Sequence B in Figure 1-1 represents:

e. none of these

All of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except:

e. peptide bonds

If an organism is eukaryotic, then by definition it will:

e. possess a nucleus

In the deductive approach to scientific thought processes, we begin with __________ and make _________ based on that information.

e. premises; conclusions

Which of the following is NOT a concept or term related to the flow of energy through living systems?

e. sexual reproduction

In the formation of common table salt, sodium and chlorine interact because:

e. sodium donates one electron to chlorine

All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT:

e. storage of nucleic acids

This functional group forms cross bridges that help stabilize protein tertiary structure:

e. sulfhydryl

Autotrophs:

e. synthesize complex molecules from CO2, water, and energy.

Radioisotopes are used in all of the following scientific applications except:

e. the measuring the pH of the blood

Table salt dissolves easily in water because:

e. the partial positive charge of the hydrogens in the water molecule can associate with the negative charge of the chlorine ion, and the partial negative charge of the oxygen of the water molecule can associate with the positive charge of the sodium atom.

The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the:

e. three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain


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