Advanced EClinical CCMA

Normal respiration rate? (Adult, children & infants)

* one respiration = an inhale and exhale (counted for 1 full minute) •Adult = 12 to 20 breaths per minute •Children age 1 to 8 years = 15 to 30 •Infants age 1 to 12 months = 25 to 50

Incidence vs. Prevalence

*Incidence*: Number of NEW case of disease/injury in a population during a specified period of time. *Prevalence*: Number of ALL cases (new and pre-existing) of disease/injury in a population during a specified period of time.

How are a babies ht, wt, & head circumference measured?

- Babies should be weighed w/o clothes or diapers. - Head circumf. = distance between the middle of the child's forehead and the farthest part of the back of the head. A tape measure will be used for the purpose. The tape is placed just above the ears. - A baby's length = measured from the top of their head to the bottom of one of their heels. It's the same as their height, but height is measured standing up, whereas length is measured while your baby is lying down.

What is a concussion injury + emergency procedure?

- Closed head trauma in which the brain has been jolted or shaken - Measure vital signs, observation, provider assessment & possible CT scan

What is a contusion injury + emergency procedure?

- Closed injury, aka a bruise, caused by blunt-force trauma, ranges in severity - Apply cold pack or ice, elevate limb if affected, observe signs of increases intracranial pressure if head is contused (this would require immediate care)

What is a fracture injury + emergency procedure?

- Common limb injury in which there is a break in bone, open fracture (skin is broken), closed fracture (no break in skin) - Control bleeding, immobilize area, apply ice, check for pulse below the fracture, treat for shock

What is a sprain injury + emergency procedure?

- Common limb injury, stretching or tearing of a ligament that connects bone to bone - RICE

What is a strain injury + emergency procedure?

- Common limb injury, stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon that connects a muscle to bone - Rest, Ice, compression, elevation (RICE)

Structure and flow of blood in the heart

- Composed of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. - Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood. - Heart acts as a two-way pump. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated again. While the left side of the heart simultaneously pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues. - The regular pumping, or heartbeat, is controlled by the conduction system of the heart.

What do these endings about tests and procedures mean Ectomy, Graph/graphy, Otomy

- Ectomy means removal ofGram means a picture - Graph or - graphy means the process of making a picture - Otomy means making a cut in

The skeletal system (function, composed of, & the two parts of the system)

- Functions: mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. - Composed of bones and cartilages. - Two parts; axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Gauges for IM vs SQ injections

- IM injection = 20-23-gauge needle, the length will vary depending on the site injected and size of the patient. - SQ injections = 25-26 gauge needles.

What to do when someone has a seizure

- Lay patient down. - Protect head and rest of body from injury - Tilt head to side to prevent aspiration - Time the seizure - Stay w/ pt and observe - If seizures continue, call 911

Normal BP? Elevated? Hypt stg 1,2 and hypt crisis? (Adults)

- Normal: <120mm Hg / <80 mmhg - Elevated: 120-129 mmHg AND <80mmHg diastolic - Hypertension stg. 1: systolic 130-139 mmHg OR diastolic 80-89 mmHg - Hypertension stg. 2.: systolic >140 mmHg OR diastolic >90 - Hypertensive crisis: systolic >180 mmHg AND/OR diastolic >120

What is a laceration injury + emergency procedure?

- Open injury that is jagged in nature and caused by a sharp object, bleeding can be profuse - Apply pressure to control bleeding, clean gently, apply bandage

What is a puncture injury + emergency procedure?

- Open wound caused by an instrument that delivers a stab, usually small w/ limited bleeding - Apply pressure if bleeding, clean/flush to remove debris, apply bandage

4 types of HMOs (hlth maintenance organizations)

1) Staff-model 2) Group-model 3) Network-model 4) Independent practice association (IPA)-model

What information should be during each visit?

1. Identify patient using 2 patient identifiers (name/DOB) 2. Obtain and document the reason for today's visit (aka Chief Complaint) 3. Medication reconciliation 3. Allergies 4. Complete personal and family history. This should be completed by the patient prior to the first visit. 5. VITAL SIGNS

Maslov's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological Needs (Basic, 1st) Basic survival needs: food, water, shelter, sleep. 2. Safety Needs (2nd): Security, stability, protection, freedom from fear. 3. Love and Belonging Needs (3rd) Social relationships: friendship, family, intimacy, community. 4. Esteem Needs (4th) Self-respect, recognition, achievement, confidence. 5. Self-Actualization (5th, Top) Fulfillment, personal growth, reaching potential, creativity.

What are the 5 vital signs

1. Temperature 2. Pulse (Heart Rate) 3. Blood Pressure 4. Respiratory rate 5. Pain level

Ericksons 6 stages of Psychosocial Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr): Develop trust through reliable care; mistrust if neglected. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 yrs): Gain independence; shame from overcontrol. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs): Take charge; guilt for overstepping. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs): Pride in accomplishments; inferiority if failing. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 yrs): Discover self and role; confusion if not. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 yrs): Build relationships; isolation if unable.

Steps for CPR

Check for a response - Shout "Are you okay?!" Do not be afraid to yell. ... •Call for help - Yell for help, telling others to call 911 and to bring an AED. ... •Check circulation - In adults, the best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery. •Begin compressions-...30 compressions to 2 breaths, 100-120 compressions per minute) Compress chest between 2 and 2.4 inches. Allow the chest to fully recoil

Muscular system: Function & the 3 types)

Function = Locomotion 3 muscle types: smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. - Smooth = found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. - Cardiac = form the heart muscle, also called the false. - Skeletal = attach to the bones of the body. Among these three, only skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is absolutely unconscious. - Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive fashion giving a striped appearance, hence are called striated muscle. Smooth muscle does not contain repetitive sarcomeres, thus is non-striated muscle.

Reverse Trendelenburg + purpose

The patient is supine with the head of the bed elevated and the foot of the bed down. This position may be used insurgery to help promote perfusion in obese patients. It can also be helpful in treating venous air embolism and preventing pulmonary aspiration.

Preoperative vs Postoperative Education

- Preoperative education = information about the surgery, how to prepare for the surgery, pain and pain medication, and what to expect in the postoperative period. - Postoperative education = pain control, how to care for the incision, signs of infection, when to call the doctor, and other surgery-specific items

What is a choking injury + emergency procedure?

- obstruction of person's airway, patient is unable to breath or speak & start holding the hands to the neck - ask pt "Are you choking", do NOTHING if pt can speak or cough, if they can't then perform heimlich maneuver - if pt is unconscious perform CPR, looking for a foreign body in the mouth and removing it if visible

What is an Incision injury + emergency procedure?

- open injury usually caused by sharp object causing a straight cut, bleeding can be profuse Apply pressure to control bleeding, clean gently, apply bandage

What is an Abrasion injury + emergency procedure?

- scrape or rub, superficial wound often on the knees/elbows - Apply pressure if bleeding, clean/flush to remove debris, apply bandage

Normal Temp ranges?

Adults over 70 (oral) = 96.8 F 6 yrs - adult (oral) = 98.6 F 1yr (tympanic) = 99.7 F Newborn (axillary) = 98.2 F

How long should you ask a patient to wait after administering medication?

Assess for allergies and ask the patient to wait for 15 minutes before leaving to observe for any S/S of allergic reaction

What is blood pressure and what tools are used to take this vital sign?

BP = most important VS to identify and is the force of blood circulating through the arteries. Equipment used is the sphygmomanometer, blood pressure cuff and stethoscope. Measured in millimeters of mercury. - systolic pressure = the first sharp tapping sound heard. - diastolic pressure = when the last sound disappears

4 structural units of the body

Cells, tissues, organs, body systems

Signs of infection

Redness, sweating, fatigue, fever, chills, change of behavior

Units for measuring weight?

Should be obtained on every visit. Measured in pounds or kilograms. 1kg=2.2 lbs.

Deductibles

Specific amounts of money a patient must pay out of pocket before the insurance carrierbegins paying. Usually, this amount ranges from $100 to $500. This deductible amount is met on a yearlyor per-incident basis

Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Synthesizes and folds proteins + metabolizes lipids

Responsibilities of the MA

Taking vita signs, Medical History, Collect specimens, Prepare pt for exam , prepare and administer medication, provide PT education, EKG, explaining treatments/procedures

Lower gauge number = thinner or wider needle?

The lower the gauge number the wider the lumen. Gauges range from 14-31 with 14 being the largest and 31 the smallest.

What is the purpose of eye irrigations

to flush eye(s) with solution to remove secretions, foreign bodies, or dilute chemicals introduce into the eye(s)

What are managed care plans (insurance)?

umbrella term for all healthcare plans that provide healthcare in return for preset monthly payments and coordinated care through a defined network of primary care physicians and hospitals (ex: HMO'S, PPOs, POSs')

Drug Schedules I-V

- Schedule I: No accepted medical use, high abuse potential. Examples: Heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, methaqualone, peyote. - Schedule II: High abuse potential, risk of severe dependence, considered dangerous. Examples: Vicodin, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl, Adderall, Ritalin. - Schedule III: Moderate to low dependence potential, less abuse potential than Schedules I and II. Examples: Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone. - Schedule IV: Low abuse potential, low risk of dependence. Examples: Xanax, Soma, Valium, Ativan, Ambien, Tramadol. - Schedule V: Lower abuse potential than Schedule IV, used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Examples: Robitussin AC, Lomotil, Lyrica, Parepectolin.

What are safety precaustions under the OSHA Needlestick Safety & Prevention Act

- Sharps container must be in access. - Never recap a used needle. - Needles and syringes must be kept sterile and the use of alcohol swabs on a vial stopper assist in preventing introduction of germs. - Do not introduce the needle to the vial more than once

What is a diabetic coma + emergency procedure?

- hyperglycemia, characterized by malaise, dry mouth, polydipsia (thirsty), polyuria, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea - Administer insulin, call 911 if rapid improvement is not noticed

What is a an insulin shock + emergency procedure?

- hypoglycemia, characterized by sweating, anxiety, irritability, tachycardia, headache & hunger - Administer glucose, call 911 if rapid improvement is not noticed

6 Rights of Medication

1.The right patient: Confirm the patient's identity with full name and date of birth. 2.The right drug: Confirm you are administering the correct medication. Confirm the name of the drug when you receive the order, again when you are preparing it, and a third time just prior to administering it to the patient. 3.The right route: Confirm the medication you are about to administer can be given in the way directed by the order. 4.The right time: Confirm when the patient is to receive the medication. This will usually be immediately in an office setting. 5.The right dose: Confirm that the dosage of the medication you are administering is the same as that in the order. 6.The right documentation: Always immediately and completely document all details regarding the administration of the medication in the patient's medical record, including how the drug was tolerated.

Difference between 1st, 2nd & 3rd degree burns?

1st: is only the epidermis, first layer of tissue ex. sunburn 2nd: in the epidermis and dermis, Blisters form 3rd: through epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer, involve muscle and possibly bone, appear dry & charred

How many bones are in the body?

206

Co-Payment

A sum of money that is paid at the time of medical service; a form of co-insurance.

What is workers' compensation?

A system of laws that protects employees against the loss of wages and the cost of medical care resulting from an occupational accident, disease, or death, unless the employee is proven negligent.

Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

> endemic- a disease that is typically (constantly) present with a particular group of people ------------------------------- > epidemic- widespread or rampant outbreak of disease -------------------------------- > pandemic- an epidemic that is even more widespread throughout the world

What is the Fowler's position & what is it used for?

A bed position where the head and trunk are raised, typically between 40-90°. This position is often used for patients who have cardiac issues, trouble breathing, or a nasogastric tube in place

Explanation of benefits (EOB)

A letter or statement from the insurance carrier describing what was paid, denied, or reduced in payment. It also contains information about amounts applied to the deductible, the patient's co-insurance, and the allowed amounts

Participating provider (PAR)

A physician or other healthcare provider who enters into a contract with aspecific insurance company or program and by doing so agrees to abide by certain rules and regulations setforth by that third-party payer

Sims position + purpose

A prone/lateral position in which the patient lies on his side with his upper leg flexed and drawn in towards the chest, and the upper arm flexed at the elbow. Sim's position is useful for administering enemas, perineal examinations, and for comfort in pregnancy.

GP's vs Family Practitioners vs Internists

General Practitioners (GPs): Physicians who treat both acute and chronic illnesses and offer preventive care and health education for patients of all ages. They don't focus on specific medical fields and can manage multiple health issues. Family Practitioners: Specialists in family medicine, providing continuous and comprehensive health care for individuals and families across all ages. Internists: Doctors specializing in internal organs and body systems. They focus on adult patients and can treat a wide range of issues, from skin rashes to ear infections, and also provide preventive care.

What are Accountable care organizations (ACOs)?

Groups of hlth care providers (hospitals, physician's offices, community agencies etc)that work together to give high-quality care to MEDICARE patients. They coordinate care, reducing duplication of services and fragmentation of care, and giving more control to patients and families.

What are the common places to check HR?

Hear Rate = reflection of pulse palpated on an artery. Counted for 1 full minute - Radial pulse = common for an adult pulse, located on the wrist. - Brachial pulse = inside the upper arm and common for children/babies. - Carotid = neck assessed during emergency procedures. *Pulse is evaluated on rate, rhythm regularity and strength.*

What are the common pediatric measurements done to monitor growth?

Height, weight and head circumference are done during routine exam

What is a POS (Point of Service) Plan?

Hybrid between PPOs and HMOs: the covered person can choose to receive a service from a participating or nonparticipating provider, w/ different benefit levels associated w/ the use of participating providers. Members usually pay substantially higher costs in terms of increased premiums, deductibles and coinsurance

Describe the lateral position?

Involves the patient lying on either her right or left side. Right lateral means the patient's right side is touching the bed, while left lateral means the patient's left side is touching the bed. A pillow is often placed in between the legs for patient comfort

Joints vs. Ligaments vs. Tendons

Joint: where two bones come together. Ligaments: hold bones together. Tendons: hold muscles on bones.

Examples of long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones

Long: Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges Short: Carpals, tarsals Flat: Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones Irregular: Vertebrae, facial bones Sesamoid: Patelle

morbidity vs mortality

Morbidity: disease Mortality: death

what are HMOs (health maintenance organizations)?

Network Focus: You're required to use doctors, specialists, and hospitals within the plan's network. If you go out of network, you typically have to pay the full cost yourself. Primary Care Provider (PCP): You need to choose a PCP, and they manage your care. You'll need a referral from your PCP to see a specialist. Costs: Generally lower premiums. Lower out-of-pocket costs (like co-pays or deductibles). Flexibility: Less flexible—you're limited to in-network providers and need referrals for specialists. Best For: If you want lower costs and don't mind having less flexibility in choosing doctors.

How to measure height?

Patient should stand erect looking forward w/o shoes. The traveling bar or scale should sit on top of head. If measured in inches, it will need to be converted to feet and inches for charting. Dived inches by 12 to get feet.

What is Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics: The study of how drug concentrations change over time, focusing on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. - Intake: The movement of a drug from its administration site to the measurement site (e.g., blood). - Disposition: Describes how a drug is distributed and eliminated from the measurement site (e.g., blood). - Distribution: The extent to which a drug moves from the bloodstream to other body areas, affecting blood/plasma drug concentrations. - Drug concentration in whole blood: Reflects the total concentration of a drug within the circulatory system.

Medicare vs Medicaid

Provided health care to elderly vs. Provided health care/aid to poor people

REVIEW A&P SLIDES

REVIEW A&P SLIDES

What is a PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) Plan?

a payer identifies a group of hospitals and physicians to be "preferred providers". Usually the benefit contract provides significantly better benefits for services received from preferred providers, thus encouraging members to use these providers. Network Focus: You can see any doctor, specialist, or hospital you want. You'll pay less if you use in-network providers, but you can still go out-of-network (you'll just pay more). Primary Care Provider (PCP): You don't need to choose a PCP, and no referral is required to see specialists. Costs: Generally higher premiums.Higher out-of-pocket costs (like deductibles or co-insurance). Flexibility: Very flexible—you can see almost anyone without worrying about referrals. Best For: If you want more freedom to choose your doctors and don't mind paying more for it.

What is a co-insurance

a type of insurance in which the insured pays a share of the payment made against a claim.

What is PCMH (patient centered medical home) model?

an approach to delivering high-quality, cost-effective primary care. Using a patient-centered,culturally appropriate, and team-based approach, the PCMH model coordinates patient care across the health system. The PCMH model has been associated with effective chronic disease management, increased patient and provider satisfaction, cost savings, improved quality of care, and increased preventive care.

Advanced beneficiary notice-helps Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS)

beneficiaries make informed decisions about items and services Medicare usually covers but may not cover in specific situations

The 5 body cavities

cranial, spinal, thoracic (chest cavity), abdominal, pelvic (can also be abdominopelvic)

Define Scope of Practice

duties/ tasks a MA can perform based on their education, training & certification. Can vary from facility to facility & state to state

What is hospice?

end of life care, provides compassionate care for people in the last phases of incurable disease so that they may live as fully & comfortably as possible

What is Tricare?

government-sponsored program under which authorized dependents of military personnel receive medical care. Originally called CHAMPUS

What is Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA

health care program in which the VA pays the cost of covered health care services and supplies for eligiblebeneficiaries; to be eligible, the individual cannot be eligible for TRICARE, but can be the spouse or child of a disabled veteran, as well as the surviving spouse or child of a veteran who died from a service-connected disability;a veteran who died while suffering a service disability; or a military member who died in the line of duty

Cardio vascular system: function, structure (comprised of)

heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels.

Trendelenburg + purpose

involves a supine patient and sharply lowering the head of the bed and raising the foot, creating an "upside down" effect. In the past, this position was frequently used to treat hypotension, although this has fallen out of favor in recent years due to studies showing it to be ineffective and potentially dangerous. It is helpful during gynecological and abdominal hernia surgeries, and in the placement of central lines.

What is the lithotomy position & what is it used for?

involves the patient lying flat on her back with legs elevated to hip level or above, often supported by stirrups. It is commonly used for gynecological procedures and childbirth

What is pulse oximetry?

measure of the percentage of hemoglobin saturated by oxygen (not considered a VS, but should be used when a patient is experiencing symptoms associated with lung conditions such as asthma, pneumonia, or bronchitis) - A pulse ox of 95% or higher is considered normal.

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

How is BMI calculated?

weight in lb./height in inches x 703 =BMI

five common stages of grief (DABDA)

•Denial - Avoidance, confusion, Shock, Fear •Anger- Frustration, Irritation, Anxiety •Bargaining - Struggling to find meaning, reaching out to others trying to find meaning •Depression- overwhelmed. Helplessness, hostility •Acceptance- exploring options, moving forward

Body planes: frontal,

•Frontal (coronal) = the frontal plane faces forward and divides the body into anterior and posterior •Sagittal (lateral) = runs perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal or median plane would pass directly through the spine and navel. All other lateral plans are considered parasagittal. •Transverse (horizontal) = runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Different types of injections SQ, IM, ID

•Subcutaneous (SQ)-The medication is injected into the subcutaneous fat. An example of a drug that is delivered SQ is insulin. •Intramuscular (IM)- The medication is injected into the muscle belly itself. An example of an IM drug is corticosteroid, such as dexamethasone. •Intradermal (ID)- The medication is injected very superficially into the dermis, or second layer of skin. The most common use of ID injection is for delivery of PPD, known as the Mantoux test for tuberculosis

What is the Collaborative Care Model?

offers one approach to integration in which primary care providers, care managers, and psychiatric consultants work together to provide care and monitor patients' progress

Supine + purpose

patient is flat on his back. Supine is considered the most natural "at rest" position, and is often used in surgery for abdominal, facial, and extremity procedures.

What is "Pay for Performance" or "value-based purchasing"?

payment model that offers financial incentives to physicians, hospitals, medical groups, and other healthcare providers for meeting certain performance measures

What solutions are used for ear irregation?

sterile water or sterile saline

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

What is the prone position & what is it used for?

the patient lies on his stomach with his back up. The head is typically turned to one side. This position allows for drainage of the mouth after oral or neck surgery. It also allows for full flexion of knee and hip joints.

What is microbiology?

the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye (i.e bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes')

Steps to changing a sterile dressing

•Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water before and after each dressing change. •Put on non-sterile gloves. •Carefully remove the tape. •Remove the old dressing, soak the dressing with saline or sterile water prior to removal. •Remove the gauze pads or packing tape from inside your wound. •Apply any medications to wound that is necessary, use an applicator •Open dressing packages, w/o touching the contents •Only touch the edges of the dressing to apply to wound

Rules For Setting Up A Sterile Field as a CCMA

●Perform hand hygiene before implementing the sterile field. ●Wear necessary PPE, this includes sterile gloves. ●Always face the sterile field. If you turn your back on the sterile field, it is considered contaminated. ●When two people are side-by-side in the sterile field, they'll reach around the back of the other individual and try to reach for something, or in some cases, they'll pass sterile to dirty and get on the other side. ●If gloves become contaminated during a procedure, they are removed as quickly as possible, and new gloves are applied. If necessary, if there is known contamination of the sterile field, that area needs to be readdressed. ●Always consider a sterile field from the context of whether it is sterile or not: there is no in-between or gray area.

Measurement equivalents for 1cc, 1 tsp, & 1 tbsp

•1 cc is the equivalent to 1 ml. •1 teaspoon (abbreviated as tsp) contains 5 cc's. •1 tablespoon (abbreviated as tbsp) contains 15 cc's

Normal Heart rates? (Adult, children & infants)

•Adult = 60 - 100 •Children age 1 to 8 years = 80 to 100 •Infants age 1 to 12 months = 100 to 180

Anterior, posterior, distal, proximal, superior, inferior, medial, lateral, superficial, deep

•Anterior (ventral) = the front side •Posterior (dorsal) = back side •Distal = farther away from an attachment point; the elbow is distal to the shoulder. • Proximal = closer to an attachment point; the wrist is proximal to the fingers. •Superior (cranial) = means above •Inferior (caudal) = below •Medial = closer to the body's midline; the mouth is medial to the ears. •Lateral = farther away from the body's midline; the ears are lateral to the nose. •Superficial = closer to the surface; skin is superficial to bone. •Deep = farther from the surface; muscles are deep to the skin

Functions of macromolecules & vitamins/minerals

•Carbohydrates— used for energy •Fats essential healthy fats (omega 3 fatty acids) •Proteins—aid in wound healing, used for energy •Minerals/electrolytes— magnesium, potassium, sodium, etc. •Vitamins— B vitamins(energy, metabolism,cell func), Vitamin C (immune func), vitamin K (blood clotting), etc. •Fiber— sources of fiber include fruits, vegetables, and certain grains •Water—methods of water loss, how much water is needed