Advanced Grammar and Usage

Dangling participle

Example: Catching our flight, getting up early is necessary. Correction: If we want to catch our flight, getting up early is necessary.

Dangling infinitive verb phrase

Example: To catch our flight, getting up early is necessary. Correction: To catch our flight, we need to get up early.

Relative pronoun

that, which, who, whom, whose

How do modal auxiliary verbs combine with main verbs?

To add or provide information and meaning to the main verb -They MAY forget the meeting since it is already ten minutes late. -We MUST finish the project by this Tuesday. -They WOULD like to invite their parents for their party.

How do auxiliary (helping) verbs combine with main verbs?

To form different tenses or voice in English - Mary IS GOING TO go the party. (future tense) - Tim IS reading a book now. (present progressive) -We HAVE finished seven chapters so far in our grammar class. (present perfect tense) - The books WAS given to us by that famous writer. (Passive voice) However, they can function as main verb. -I HAVE a book. -Helen IS my sister. -The students all DID well in their homework.

Active to passive Voice

Use the active voice when you want to emphasize the doer/agent of an action Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action Active: David shot down a bird. Passive: A bird was shot down by David. Active: Mary presented her paper to the class. Passive: Her paper was presented to the class by Mary.

Modal Auxiallary Verbs

can, could, may, might, will, would, have, to

pre-headword modifiers

determiners, adjectives, nouns, and participles

What is intransitive verb?

does not have an object and does not need an object to complete the action expressed in the verb For example: - The little girl SAT quietly in the chair. - Margaret WALKED slowly down the street.

What are linking verbs?

expresses a state of being, not an action Examples: appear, get, prove, sound, be, grow, remain, stay, become, keep, seem, taste, feel, look, smell, turn, was, prove.

adjectives and adjectival with hyphens

hyphens make it clear that other class of words modifies adjectival before the headword noun, not the headword. Example: high-technology industries two-word verb three-day meeting

prepositional phrases as adjectives

identifies the noun headword in relation to time, place, direction, purpose, origin, etc. Example: The house ON THE CORNER is new. The security guard IN OUR BUILDING is from New York.

adjectivals

other forms or structures that function as an adjective (modifier of the noun; describe or restrict the nouns) Which one, what kind/type, and what characteristics

post-headword modifiers

prepositional phrases, relative clauses, and participles phrases

What is a direct object? What is its function in a sentence?

the direct object of a sentence is receiving the action (typically occurs immediately after the verb For example: - John baked A CAKE. - Leah had visualized A SIMPLE ROOM. - She is buying A SMALL STUDIO APARTMENT - My niece rented A MOVIE last night

nouns and determiners

these two word classes generally fill the slots between determiners and headwords THE beautiful BRICK house.

Pattern 7

NP1 V-tr NP2 __S___I_____I__DO__ We bought a new car. They had their dinner. The school needs a new library.

Pattern 9

NP1 V-tr NP2 ADJ _S__I_____I_DO__/__OC__ They consider the test easy. Tommy painted the desk green. The mother made the story funny.

Pattern 10

NP1 V-tr NP2 NP2 __S__I_______I__DO_/_OC__ Lily considers Jack a bully. We elected Erica the senator. She named her son Michael.

Pattern 8

NP1 V-tr NP2 NP3 __S__I_____I__DO__ /_IO_ They bought Jim a book. The clerk gave me a letter. She passed the boy an egg.

Pattern 3

NP1 be NP1 ___S___I__be__/ SC__ Sam is a doctor.

Complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Formation: 1. To use a subordinating conjunction (because, after, as, if, once, etc.) to connect two simple sentences. 2. Use a comma after the dependent clause before the independent clause Example: Before Mary came to school, she took her son to school first.

Clause

Must have its own subject and predicate verbs and can be divided into two types: Independant clause and dependent clause

Pattern 6

NP V-int __S____I______ The baby smiles quietly. We rested for ten minutes.

Pattern 2

NP be ADJ ___S___I__be___/ SC My students are brilliant.

Pattern 1

NP be ADV/TP ___S___I ___be __ / My brother is in the mall.

Pattern 4

NP v-link ADJ __S__I_________/__SC__ The cake tastes sour. The house looks big. The soup smells good.

Pattern 5

NP1 V-lnk NP1 ___S___I______/__SC__ Katy remained my best friend. Susan became a nurse. His suggestion proved a good one.

participle (present participles and past participles)

Present participle: carries the active meaning Example: Our (loudly) snoring visitor kept the house awake. The (nervously) barking dog across the street drives us crazy. Past Participle: carries the passive meaning Example: The EXHAUSTED athletes will stay at the University for two weeks before another game. The WRITTEN works of a famous author will be introduced to the students.

What is a relative pronoun's specific specific functions and roles in a relative clause?

Pronouns used to replaced a noun that has already been mentioned (typically occurs right after the noun it is referring to)

Difference and functions for a relative pronoun of "that" from "which"

Which: refers to a thing or concept; is most often used in relative cause that adds information; more formal Example - The lessons WHICH we have learned are important. That: Used only in relative clauses that define or identify a noun; most often refers to a thing or concept; informal Example - The book THAT you gave me is lost.

relative clauses as adjectives (Restrictive and nonrestrictive)

a dependent clause that modifies a noun by defining or identifying it or by adding additional information about it. Example: I ate the ice cream THAT was in the freezer. (subj) Restrictive: identifies a noun by restricting it. Example: Women WHO WORK are happier than women WHO DON'T WORK. (Women are happier than women = nonsense) Nonrestrictive: adds additional information Example: My brother, who was born in 1998, is 25 years old. (My brother is 25 years old = still makes sense)

What is an indirect object? What is its function in a sentence?

a noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb, but is not the primary object For example: -He gives MARY a book - Holly left the apple for LUKE - I wrote a letter to MY FAMILY The teach taught THE STUDENT a new lesson

What is an object complement? What is its two functions in a sentence?

a word (usually a noun or an adjective) that renames the direct object or states what it has become Two Function: 1. It completes the meaning of the verb 2. It describes the direct object

What is transitive verb?

always has a direct object - a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb For example: - James HIT the ball. (direct object = ball) - Roger EATS a big breakfast every morning. ( direct object = breakfast)

What are be verbs?

are, am, is, was, were, been and being

Auxillary ( Helping ) Verbs

be, have, do

What are subject complements? What are their two functions in sentences?

word or phrase that follows a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject. For example: -She seemed SLEEPY. - The baby looks HAPPY - The fish tastes GOOD. - They are LAWYERS. The role of a complement is played by two form classes: NP and adj.