Agl sociology quiz 2 (multiple choice)
According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions. a. idealize b. hide c. create d. all of the above
A
Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that: a. powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant b. deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder
A
Flirting is one good example of an everyday experience involving: a. social construction of reality b. role interaction
A
In general, we see the ___ as a means to an end; we see the ____ as an end in itself. a. secondary group; primary group b. primary group; secondary group c. primary group; tertiary group
A
Most criminal cases that reach the courts in the U.S. are resolved: a. through plea bargaining b. with a dismissal of charges
A
Retrospective labeling refers to the process of: a. interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance b. defining someone as deviant for things done long before
A
Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term ___ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there a. innovation b. creating c. rebellion d. a & c
A
Stealing a bicycle from a front yard would be what criminal offense? a. larceny-theft b. robbery
A
The Thomas theorem states that: a. situations defined as real are real in their consequences b. people know the world only through their language
A
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that: a. deviance arises not so much from what people do as to how others respond to what they do b. power has much to do with how society defines deviance
A
A role set refers to: a. a number of roles found in a society b. a number of roles attached to a single status
B
At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These are your: a. individual social structure b. status set
B
Crime differs from deviance in that crime: a. is usually less serious b. is a violation of norms enacted into law
B
Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime a. almost always leads to a criminal conviction b. is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court
B
Elite prostitutes are widely referred to as ____ a. streetwalkers b. call girls
B
Erving Goffman claims that embarrassing situations are ones in which an actor a. "breaks" a role b. "loses face" c. slips and falls d. loses script
B
The term "homophobia" refers to a. fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian or bisexual b. the fear of experiencing sexual attraction to people of the same sex c. experiencing attraction to people of the opposite sex d. all of the above
A
The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in: a. human biology, although society plays some role b. individual choice
A
To a prisoner, a maximum security prison is one example of a: a. coercive organization b. utiliarian organization
A
Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the U.S. is about ____ what official reports indicate a. 3x greater than b. 10x greater than
A
Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to rein in deviant impulses. They called their approach: a. containment theory b. differential association theory
A
What does the term presentation of self mean? a. efforts to create impressions in the minds of others b. trying to take attention away from others
A
What is the term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity? a. groupthink b. doublethink
A
What is the term for the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? a. role conflict b. role strain
A
Which justification uses the threat of punishment to discourage criminality? a. deterrence b. retribution
A
Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social-conflict paradigm? a. the process of reality construction is highly variable, so that one group's views of sexuality may differ from another's b. defining women in sexual terms devalues them, making women into objects of men's interest
A
Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad? a. dyads are less stable than groups with many members b. dyads are more stable than groups with many members
A
Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and obtaining strict compliance from subordinates? a. authoritarian leadership b. laissez-faire leadership c. total leadership
A
_____ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person a. sexual orientation b. sexual identity
A
From a social-conflict point of view, jokes: a. tend to bring people together b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another c. empower one group of people d. all of the above
B
Harold and Sybil are lost. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. This story shows: a. social interaction is the key to the reality we perceive b. men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent on someone else
B
In global perspective, prostitution is most common in: a. high income nations where women are free to choose their profession b. poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities
B
In the "iron law of oligarchy", Robert Michels stated: a. bureaucracy always means inefficiency b. bureaucracy always means the few rule the many
B
In what respect are U.S. and Japanese formal organizations distinctly different? a. the former stresses collective achievement; the latter stresses individual achievement b. the former stresses individual achievement; the latter stresses collective achievement
B
Research on extramarital sex shows that about ____ of married men and about _____ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives a. 75%; 50% b. 75%; 90%
B
Sociologists offer several explanations for the fact that the incest taboo is found everywhere. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the incest taboo helps clarify the kinship system b. the incest taboo limits the contact of families with the larger society
B
The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of: a. primary sex characteristics b. secondary sex characteristics
B
The oldest justification for punishing an offender is a. deterrence b. retribution
B
The sexual counterrevolution was evident in the U.S. by: a. 1960 b. 1980 c. 1940 d. 1965
B
What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status? a. a group b. a category
B
What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? a. expressive leadership b. instrumental leadership
B
What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia? a. transsexual/transvestite b. intersexual/hermaphrodite
B
What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and officials? a. civil law b. criminal justice system c. legal system
B
What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own? a. democratic leaders b. laissez-faire leaders
B
When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background, a. we find people everywhere enjoy many of the same jokes b. what is funny to people in one society may be lost on those from another society
B
Which of the following attributes is not characteristic of secondary groups? a. weak emotional ties b. warm, personal interaction
B
Which of the following terms refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions? a. peer group b. reference group c. friend group
B
Which sociologist developed the approach known as dramaturgical analysis? a. Harold Garfinkel b. Erving Goffman
B
Which term refers to efforts to reform an offender in order to preclude further offenses? a. therapy b. rehabilitation c. reformation d. retribution
B
Critics of pornography argue that a. it may contribute to a breakdown in morals b. it may contribute to violence against women c. all of the above
C
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called: a. heterosexuality b. bisexuality c. homosexuality d. asexuality
C
Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"? a. they are among the first groups we experience in life b. they have primary importance in the socialization process c. all of the above
C
A reason to study sexuality sociologically is: a. sexuality is both important and controversial b. many people do not understand sexuality well c. sexuality plays a part in many areas of social life d. all of the above
D
Cultures differ in terms of: a. what triggers emotions b. the rules for how people display emotions c. how much people are being emotional d. all of the above
D
The significance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the U.S. was a. defining sexuality as a proper focus of scientific study b. showing that people were less conventional than was widely assumed c. fostering a new openness towards sexuality d. all of the above
D
Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections? a. reducing prison overcrowding b. reducing costs of dealing with offenders c. avoiding hardships of prison life d. all of the above
D
Which of the following is evidence of the McDonaldization of society? a. replacing bank tellers with ATMs b. shopping in climate-controlled malls c. colleges asses students in terms of grades and test scores d. all of the above
D
Which of the following might serve as a master status? a. occupation b. physical or mental disability c. race or color d. all of the above
D
Which of the following play a part in the reality we construct through social interaction? a. social class background b. the country we live in c. ethnicity d. all of the above
D
