AHS Exam 2 Study Guide

For people who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories.

5%-6%

Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid

Aspartame

Immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as

Chylomicrons

Which of the following describes the fate of excess protein?

It is stored as fat

Which of the following plant proteins is a complete source of protein?

Quinoa

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose?

Sugar cane

Denaturation refers to

Alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source?

Brain

Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion?

Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins

Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding

Chlorines to sucrose

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Saturated fatty acid

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

Converted to urea

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause ______, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.

Denaturation

The ______ was a landmark, multisite study designed to improve glucose control and prevent the onset of diabetes. Most impressive is that individuals that followed a healthy dietary and physical activity pattern had better glucose control than individuals treated by medication.

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

Which of the following are appropriate use of aspartame?

Diet soft drinks Sugar free gum Sugar free gelatin desserts

Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they

Do not promote dental caries Provide fewer calories than sugar

Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega-3 fatty acid?

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body.

Energy

True or false: Aspartame is heat stable so it is appropriate for use in cooking.

False

The main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can reduce absorption of

Fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption?

Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

Glucose

The three-carbon structure that forms the "backbone" of a triglyceride is called

Glycerol

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

High-density lipoprotein

Most plant proteins are ______ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

Incomplete

Diets high in trans fatty acids tend to ______ the level of LDL in the blood.

Increase

The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and

Lactose

______ is a condition in which one lacks the enzyme lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.

Lactose intolerance

Gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?

Liver

Because the ______ diet is recognized as being low in meat, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, low in added sugar, and low in saturated fat, it has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to the MyPlate dietary pattern.

Mediterranean

After dietary fats are digested, the small intestinal cells absorb a mixture of

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of _____ fatty acids.

Monounsaturated

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as BLANK because they provide calories.

Nutritive sweeteners

Gestational diabetes

Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after the baby is born

Monounsaturated fatty acid

One carbon-carbon double bond

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains

One double bond

The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid

Phenylalanine

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

Phosphorus-containing molecule Glycerol backbone

The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

Photosynthesis

_ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in blood vessels

Plaque

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

Positive protein balance

Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of sugar?

Prolonged exposure of the teeth to simple sugars from snacks and drinks promotes dental caries

Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two forms of

Protein-energy malnutrition

Antibodies are

Proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response

Rancidity

Reduces the shelf life of a product creating a problem for the food industry and restaurant. To prevent the problem, manufacturers add partially hydrogenated plant oils to products

Butter contains mostly ______ fatty acids.

Saturated

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Sequence of events in protein synthesis

Which type of anemia results from an error in the DNA code?

Sickle cell anemia

All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in

Sucrose

Secondary lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids is

Walnuts

Examples of refined grain products include

White flour, de-germed cornmeal, white bread, and white rice

A child with marasmus

is very susceptible to infections

Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption.

Active

Type 1 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting added sugar intake to less than ______ of total calories.

10%

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber for an adult woman who consumes about 1800 kcal per day is

25 grams per day

It takes approximately ______ kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of animal protein in cereal-fed animals.

3

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide BLANK% to BLANK% of total calories in the diet.

45, 65

One serving of pita chips provides ______% of the Daily Value for fat.

6

Type 2 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity