AI in Pharmacy

In healthcare, where might you use Natural Language Processing?

Helps automatically process unstructured content of PMRs/EMRs (personal/electronic medical records) to identify hidden patterns within vast amounts of textual data without any human intervention

How might Artificial Intelligence be used in patient education and counseling?

Provide patients with information about their medications, answer common questions, and offer reminders for medication adherence, while also tailoring educational materials to a patient's specific needs

Describe the difference between system thinking and linear cause and effect models.

System Thinking Approach: non-linear - Look at the cause & effect AND the interrelatedness of various systems - Long term and continuous look for a solution -Looks at how one cause & effect in one area impacts another area Linear Approach: cause → effect → outcome/result - Short-term look for a solution, doesn't work for a continuing problem

Describe the One Health concept.

Collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach -- working at the local, regional, national, and levels -- with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, and their shared environment

How can AI be used in pharmaceutical development?

Predict PK and PD of new drugs

Which of these are one of the three main components of the One Health concept? A. People B. Animals C. Environment D. Healthcare system E. Food and Drug Administration

A. People B. Animals C. Environment

What is machine learning?

Machines learn from data, identify problems, and make decision with minimum human help or intervention

What is a neural network?

Method in AI that teaches computers to process data in a way that is inspired by using interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure that resembles the human brain (ie. ChatGTP, "Hey Siri")

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Theory and development of computer systems to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, language processing, learning, and problem solving

Please provide one example of a risk of using artificial intelligence.

Three-layered evaluation framework: used to assess social and ethical risks of AI systems (Inner to Outer): Context moves towards outer circle 1. Capability 2. Human interaction 3. Systemic impact Misinformation, sexually explicit material, advice on how to build bioweaponry or malware. Guardrails were developed by large language models (LLMs) to prevent these risks London's Royal Society: 40 experts overcame guardrails on Meta's Llama 2

What is the purpose of the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act?

To provide immunity from liability, and is different from, and not dependent on, other emergency declarations

Describe how the One Health concept is important in responding to pandemics like COVID-19.

Useful in dealing with COVID-19, which is thought to originate from animals and then got transmitted to the human population suggesting that such viruses thrive on the human-animal interface and are driven by environmental parameters