ALEC 606 Foundations in Leadership Theory
delegating behavior
Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (high) commitment (high)
Directing behavior
Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (low) commitment (high)
coaching behavior
Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (low) commitment (low)
supporting behavior
Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (moderate to high) commitment (variable)
achievement-oriented
(path goal theory) those leaders who challenge employees to perform at highest level possible
participative
(path goal theory) those leaders who make sure employees are involved in making important decisions
supportive
(path goal theory) those leaders who provide emotional support to employees
directive
(path goal theory) those leaders who provide specific directions to their employees
Laissev-Faire
- also known as the "hands-off" style - little or no direction - gives followers as much freedom as possible - all authority or power is given to the followers - followers must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own
Path-goal leadership
- defines goals - clarifies path - removes obstacles - provides support
task-oriented leadership
- delegate work roles to employees - set goals for team members - structure teams to maximize performance
autocratic
- manager retains power (classical approach) - manager is decision-making authority - manager does not consult employees for input -subordinates expected to obey orders without explanations - motivation provided through structured rewards and punishments
people-oriented leadership
- offering incentives like bonuses - providing mediation to deal with conflicts - having more casual interactions - creating a non-competitive and transparent work environment
Democratic
- often referred to as participative style - keep employees informed - shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities - "Boss who has the final say, but... gathers information from staff members before making decisions
self-esteem
- the degree to which people have overall positive feelings about themselves - may explain the relationship between some physical attributes and emerging as a leader - research shows a strong relationship between height and being viewed as a leader
Servant Leadership
Leaders treat followers in a way that makes them grow. Focus on service to the organization, not personal agendas.
Followership
A scale measures passive/active and independent, critical thinking. Good followers are enthusiastic, intelligent, and self-reliant.
People-oriented behaviors
Advantages - reduces conflict, job dissatisfaction, and even boredom - teams may be more likely to take risks Disadvantages -completion of tasks/goals can suffer if taken to the extreme
achievement-oriented
Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high -employees have high achievement motivation
participative
Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high abilities -decision is relevant to employees -employees have high internal locus of control
directive
Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high role ambiguity -employees have low abilities -employees have external locus of control
supportive
Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -tasks are boring and repetitive -tasks are stressful
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
Big 5 personality traits
- Fieldler's contingency theory - Situational leadership - Path-goal theory of leadership - Vroom and Yetton's normative decision model
Contingency approaches to leadership
- recognize own emotions - regulate and control own emotions - recognize emotions in others (empathy) - respond appropriately to how others are feeling
EI Components
"favorable" and "unfavorable" --> low LPC medium favorableness--> high LPC
Fiedler's contingency theory predicts that in "favorable" and "unfavorable" situations, a ________ leader would be successful, whereas when situational favorableness is medium, a _____________ leader is more likely to succeed
task-oriented and people-oriented behaviors
Fiedler's theory draws from...
Alienated
Followership type: critical, but passive in carrying out their role.
Yes
Followership type: like a sheep, but dependent on leader for inspiration.
sheep
Followership type: passive, uncritical, no initiative
Effective followers
Followership type: risk takers, self starters, independent problem solvers.
Survivors
Folowership type: better safe than sorry, adaptors at surviving.
Views of Leadership - Lee & King
Genetic; Learned; Heroic; Top Only; Social Script; Position; Calling
leader emergence effective
IQ is a threshold, it matters for __________, but beyond that _____________ leaders need to be able to control their own emotions and understand other people's emotion, their internal motivation and their social skills
Emotion Quotient (EQ) aka Emotional Intelligence (EI)
In addition to IQ, effective leaders tend to have _________
positive but modest
Intelligence is a __________ but _________ predictor of leadership - people who have high mental abilities are more likely to be viewed as leaders in their environment
Transformational Leadership Theory
Leaders motivate and inspire followers to follow shared vision. Confident and competent.
Traits in Leadership
Openness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism
Integrity Intelligence Extraversion Conscientious Open to Experience Self-Esteem
Six traits associated with leadership
Transactional Leadership Theory
Specific rewards for completing a task. Followers work to avoid consequences.
Situational Leadership Theory
Task and relationship behavior with four quadrants. Hersey Blanchard.
Hill Model
Team leadership: Interventions related to a task (redirection, feedback), and relational (coaching). Internal/ External
Benne and Sheats
Team leadership: task oriented, personal/ social roles, dysfunctional/ individualistic roles
Team Leadership Theory
Team's ability to accomplish goals.
Three Skills Approach
Technical Skill; Human Skill; Conceptual Skill
EQ
The ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior
Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire
Three types of leader decision making
Style "behavioral" theory
Two specific behaviors: task behaviors & relationship behaviors. Ohio State and Michigan State research
Task-oriented leader behaviors People-oriented leader behaviors
Two types of leader behaviors
Skill Theory
What leaders "do"
laissez-faire decision making
leaders leave employees alone to make the decision; the leader provides minimum guidance and and involvement in the decision
autocratic decision making
leaders make the decision alone without necessarily involving employees in the decision-making process
Situational
_________ leadership combines autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire styles but does so depending on the development level of the employee
democratic and laissez-faire styles
__________ and ________ are best used for highly skilled/educated individuals
Autocratic
__________ best used for low-skilled individuals,
Fiedler's Situational
_____________ theory holds leadership style constant, _________ leadership suggests that leaders alter their style to fit the situation
Fielder's contingency theory
a leader's style is measure by a scale called Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale - Individuals filling out the survey are asked to think of a person who is their least preferred coworker. Then they rate this person in terms of how friendly, nice, and cooperative this person is - according to the theory , different people can be effective in different situations
leader member exchange (LMX)
according to the _______ approach, the unique, trust-based relationships leaders develop with employees is the key to leadership effectiveness
three conditions of expectancy theory are met
according to the path-goal theory of leadership , the leader's main job is to make sure all...
Leadership
act of influencing others to work toward a goal
Task-oriented behaviors
advantages - ensures deadlines are met and jobs are completed - effective for teams that don't manage time well disadvantages - potential loss of employee motivation/retention
Path-goal theory
based on the expectancy theory of motivation
under which conditions are different leadership styles more effective?
contingency approaches to leadership
democratic decision making
employees participate in the making of the decision
Situational leadership
leaders must use different leadership styles depending on their follower's development level - to be effective, leaders must use the right style of behaviors at the right time in each employee's development - highly popular model
1. their effort will lead to high performance 2. their high performance will be rewarded 3. the rewards they receive are valuable to them
expectancy theory suggests that employees are motivated when three conditions are met:
competence and commitment
follower readiness style is based on ___________ and _____________
formal leaders
hold a position of authority and may utilize the power that comes from their position as well as their personal power to influence others
-directive -supportive -participative -achievement oriented
leader behaviors in path-goal theory
path-goal theory
leader's job is to motivate employees by altering their style based on the situational characteristics (employee and task characteristics)
People-oriented behaviors
leaders are focused on supporting, motivating, and developing the people on their teams and the relationships among members
Task-oriented behaviors
leaders are typically less concerned with the idea of catering to employees, and more concerned with finding the step-by-step solution required to meet specific goals
-leader style is fixed -requires the situation to change
limitations of Fiedler's theory
these types of approaches fell out of favor because they neglected the environment in which they behaviors were being demonstrated
limitations to behavioral approach
low quality LMX relationships
portray lower levels of trust and respect between leaders and followers
high quality LMX relationships
portrays mutual respect between the leader and the followers
introverted
research has shown that ___________ leaders are better at leading followers who display independent action and initiative
readiness levels
situational leadership theory helps leaders match their style to follower________
- need for affiliation - need for autonomy - need for control - locus of control (internal vs. external)
subordinate characteristics in path-goal theory
Fiedler's theory
suggests that the effectiveness of your management style depends on the situation (favorable-unfavorable)
Trait approach
the ___________ approach ignored leader behaviors and the situations in which leadership can occur - what do effective leaders actually do? - what behaviors help individuals to be perceived as leaders? - therefore, it is more useful to specify under what conditions specific traits are useful
leader's position power
this is the amount of power you have to direct the group and provide reward or punishment. The more power you have, the more favorable your situation. Fielder identifies power as being either strong or weak
Leader-subordinate relations
this is the level of trust and confidence that your team has in you. A leader who is trusted and has more influence with the group is in a more favorable situation that a leader who is not trusted
task-structure
this refers to the type of task you're doing: clear and structure or vague and unstructured. Unstructured task, or tasks where the team and leader have little knowledge of how to achieve them, are viewed unfavorably
- trait approach - behavioral approach
traditional approaches to leadership
maturity level
under situational leadership __________ of the employee determines the appropriate leadership style to use
It depends on the context - industry environment - crisis - employee ability/motivation
which leader decision making style works the best?
informal leaders
without a formal position of authority within the organization but demonstrate leadership by influencing others through personal forms of power
High LPC
you hate working with someone but you can still like them as a person (i.e. you are are people-oriented person)
Low LPC
you hate working with someone, and dislike them as a person (i.e. you are a task-oriented person)
extroverts
you more likely to find __________ in leadership position