ALEC 606 Foundations in Leadership Theory

delegating behavior

Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (high) commitment (high)

Directing behavior

Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (low) commitment (high)

coaching behavior

Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (low) commitment (low)

supporting behavior

Recommended leader style? Follower Readiness level: competence (moderate to high) commitment (variable)

achievement-oriented

(path goal theory) those leaders who challenge employees to perform at highest level possible

participative

(path goal theory) those leaders who make sure employees are involved in making important decisions

supportive

(path goal theory) those leaders who provide emotional support to employees

directive

(path goal theory) those leaders who provide specific directions to their employees

Laissev-Faire

- also known as the "hands-off" style - little or no direction - gives followers as much freedom as possible - all authority or power is given to the followers - followers must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own

Path-goal leadership

- defines goals - clarifies path - removes obstacles - provides support

task-oriented leadership

- delegate work roles to employees - set goals for team members - structure teams to maximize performance

autocratic

- manager retains power (classical approach) - manager is decision-making authority - manager does not consult employees for input -subordinates expected to obey orders without explanations - motivation provided through structured rewards and punishments

people-oriented leadership

- offering incentives like bonuses - providing mediation to deal with conflicts - having more casual interactions - creating a non-competitive and transparent work environment

Democratic

- often referred to as participative style - keep employees informed - shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities - "Boss who has the final say, but... gathers information from staff members before making decisions

self-esteem

- the degree to which people have overall positive feelings about themselves - may explain the relationship between some physical attributes and emerging as a leader - research shows a strong relationship between height and being viewed as a leader

Servant Leadership

Leaders treat followers in a way that makes them grow. Focus on service to the organization, not personal agendas.

Followership

A scale measures passive/active and independent, critical thinking. Good followers are enthusiastic, intelligent, and self-reliant.

People-oriented behaviors

Advantages - reduces conflict, job dissatisfaction, and even boredom - teams may be more likely to take risks Disadvantages -completion of tasks/goals can suffer if taken to the extreme

achievement-oriented

Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high -employees have high achievement motivation

participative

Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high abilities -decision is relevant to employees -employees have high internal locus of control

directive

Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -employees have high role ambiguity -employees have low abilities -employees have external locus of control

supportive

Appropriate leadership style? Situation: -tasks are boring and repetitive -tasks are stressful

openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

Big 5 personality traits

- Fieldler's contingency theory - Situational leadership - Path-goal theory of leadership - Vroom and Yetton's normative decision model

Contingency approaches to leadership

- recognize own emotions - regulate and control own emotions - recognize emotions in others (empathy) - respond appropriately to how others are feeling

EI Components

"favorable" and "unfavorable" --> low LPC medium favorableness--> high LPC

Fiedler's contingency theory predicts that in "favorable" and "unfavorable" situations, a ________ leader would be successful, whereas when situational favorableness is medium, a _____________ leader is more likely to succeed

task-oriented and people-oriented behaviors

Fiedler's theory draws from...

Alienated

Followership type: critical, but passive in carrying out their role.

Yes

Followership type: like a sheep, but dependent on leader for inspiration.

sheep

Followership type: passive, uncritical, no initiative

Effective followers

Followership type: risk takers, self starters, independent problem solvers.

Survivors

Folowership type: better safe than sorry, adaptors at surviving.

Views of Leadership - Lee & King

Genetic; Learned; Heroic; Top Only; Social Script; Position; Calling

leader emergence effective

IQ is a threshold, it matters for __________, but beyond that _____________ leaders need to be able to control their own emotions and understand other people's emotion, their internal motivation and their social skills

Emotion Quotient (EQ) aka Emotional Intelligence (EI)

In addition to IQ, effective leaders tend to have _________

positive but modest

Intelligence is a __________ but _________ predictor of leadership - people who have high mental abilities are more likely to be viewed as leaders in their environment

Transformational Leadership Theory

Leaders motivate and inspire followers to follow shared vision. Confident and competent.

Traits in Leadership

Openness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism

Integrity Intelligence Extraversion Conscientious Open to Experience Self-Esteem

Six traits associated with leadership

Transactional Leadership Theory

Specific rewards for completing a task. Followers work to avoid consequences.

Situational Leadership Theory

Task and relationship behavior with four quadrants. Hersey Blanchard.

Hill Model

Team leadership: Interventions related to a task (redirection, feedback), and relational (coaching). Internal/ External

Benne and Sheats

Team leadership: task oriented, personal/ social roles, dysfunctional/ individualistic roles

Team Leadership Theory

Team's ability to accomplish goals.

Three Skills Approach

Technical Skill; Human Skill; Conceptual Skill

EQ

The ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior

Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire

Three types of leader decision making

Style "behavioral" theory

Two specific behaviors: task behaviors & relationship behaviors. Ohio State and Michigan State research

Task-oriented leader behaviors People-oriented leader behaviors

Two types of leader behaviors

Skill Theory

What leaders "do"

laissez-faire decision making

leaders leave employees alone to make the decision; the leader provides minimum guidance and and involvement in the decision

autocratic decision making

leaders make the decision alone without necessarily involving employees in the decision-making process

Situational

_________ leadership combines autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire styles but does so depending on the development level of the employee

democratic and laissez-faire styles

__________ and ________ are best used for highly skilled/educated individuals

Autocratic

__________ best used for low-skilled individuals,

Fiedler's Situational

_____________ theory holds leadership style constant, _________ leadership suggests that leaders alter their style to fit the situation

Fielder's contingency theory

a leader's style is measure by a scale called Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale - Individuals filling out the survey are asked to think of a person who is their least preferred coworker. Then they rate this person in terms of how friendly, nice, and cooperative this person is - according to the theory , different people can be effective in different situations

leader member exchange (LMX)

according to the _______ approach, the unique, trust-based relationships leaders develop with employees is the key to leadership effectiveness

three conditions of expectancy theory are met

according to the path-goal theory of leadership , the leader's main job is to make sure all...

Leadership

act of influencing others to work toward a goal

Task-oriented behaviors

advantages - ensures deadlines are met and jobs are completed - effective for teams that don't manage time well disadvantages - potential loss of employee motivation/retention

Path-goal theory

based on the expectancy theory of motivation

under which conditions are different leadership styles more effective?

contingency approaches to leadership

democratic decision making

employees participate in the making of the decision

Situational leadership

leaders must use different leadership styles depending on their follower's development level - to be effective, leaders must use the right style of behaviors at the right time in each employee's development - highly popular model

1. their effort will lead to high performance 2. their high performance will be rewarded 3. the rewards they receive are valuable to them

expectancy theory suggests that employees are motivated when three conditions are met:

competence and commitment

follower readiness style is based on ___________ and _____________

formal leaders

hold a position of authority and may utilize the power that comes from their position as well as their personal power to influence others

-directive -supportive -participative -achievement oriented

leader behaviors in path-goal theory

path-goal theory

leader's job is to motivate employees by altering their style based on the situational characteristics (employee and task characteristics)

People-oriented behaviors

leaders are focused on supporting, motivating, and developing the people on their teams and the relationships among members

Task-oriented behaviors

leaders are typically less concerned with the idea of catering to employees, and more concerned with finding the step-by-step solution required to meet specific goals

-leader style is fixed -requires the situation to change

limitations of Fiedler's theory

these types of approaches fell out of favor because they neglected the environment in which they behaviors were being demonstrated

limitations to behavioral approach

low quality LMX relationships

portray lower levels of trust and respect between leaders and followers

high quality LMX relationships

portrays mutual respect between the leader and the followers

introverted

research has shown that ___________ leaders are better at leading followers who display independent action and initiative

readiness levels

situational leadership theory helps leaders match their style to follower________

- need for affiliation - need for autonomy - need for control - locus of control (internal vs. external)

subordinate characteristics in path-goal theory

Fiedler's theory

suggests that the effectiveness of your management style depends on the situation (favorable-unfavorable)

Trait approach

the ___________ approach ignored leader behaviors and the situations in which leadership can occur - what do effective leaders actually do? - what behaviors help individuals to be perceived as leaders? - therefore, it is more useful to specify under what conditions specific traits are useful

leader's position power

this is the amount of power you have to direct the group and provide reward or punishment. The more power you have, the more favorable your situation. Fielder identifies power as being either strong or weak

Leader-subordinate relations

this is the level of trust and confidence that your team has in you. A leader who is trusted and has more influence with the group is in a more favorable situation that a leader who is not trusted

task-structure

this refers to the type of task you're doing: clear and structure or vague and unstructured. Unstructured task, or tasks where the team and leader have little knowledge of how to achieve them, are viewed unfavorably

- trait approach - behavioral approach

traditional approaches to leadership

maturity level

under situational leadership __________ of the employee determines the appropriate leadership style to use

It depends on the context - industry environment - crisis - employee ability/motivation

which leader decision making style works the best?

informal leaders

without a formal position of authority within the organization but demonstrate leadership by influencing others through personal forms of power

High LPC

you hate working with someone but you can still like them as a person (i.e. you are are people-oriented person)

Low LPC

you hate working with someone, and dislike them as a person (i.e. you are a task-oriented person)

extroverts

you more likely to find __________ in leadership position