ALED 202 Rotter- Exam 2

Fear of loss of identity

"I don't want to lose my values, morals, and identities" People feel that they will change in an unacceptable way

Explain what is meant by "white privilege"

"Invisible knapsack": weightless knapsack is filled with provisions that help white people travel through life easier Majority culture often take for granted the benefits of white privilege Personal characteristics that place us in the majority (male, heterosexual, able-bodied, educated, financially comfortable) People with privilege are presumed to be innocent, worthy, and competent. We must examine how these characteristics of privilege may be attached to our expectations of what it means to be a leader or to not be a leader.

Describe a "toxic leader"

"Those who engage in numerous destructive behaviors and who exhibit certain dysfunctional personal characteristics. To count as toxic, these behaviors and qualities of character must inflict some reasonably serious and enduring harm on their followers and their organizations"

What is interiority, according to Caroline McHugh(TedTalk)?

"it's like a perceptual vantage point. It's a sensibility. It's an orientation. And it's the only place in your life, the only place in your life, you have no competition. Try and find a comparison to yourself, and you'll draw a blank" Idea that you are the only you. You cannot be compared to others

Self

"your adaptive personality, your construct self, and even that's unique, because nobody in the world has had the same experiences or influences that you have. But this is the you that keeps moving, that keeps changing all the time"

Fear of out-group rejection

A feeling that any attempt to interact with out-group members will lead to rejection from that group because they may not want to "interact with us and have personal relationships with us"

Awareness

A first step out of Ethnocentrism. This stage involves the acknowledgment that other cultures exist and the awareness that they have a culture. The individual at this stage becomes aware that differences are culturally based and that they are part of a given people's way of thinking and acting.

Ethnocentrism

A human survival response that tells us our own culture is best. Individuals at this stage may exhibit intolerance and outright hostility or aggression towards other cultures. Individuals who do not move beyond this stage tend to feel their culture is superior and impose it on others

Character development is an essential ingredient of ethical leadership

A leader's character is defined by his or her actions and behaviors, not simply by the values that are espoused. Leaders can be popular yet not be respected by the public because they lack congruence between their values and actions. In other words, they don't walk their talk

Describe the 4 necessary qualities to advance ethical standards in an organization (Nash 1990)

Critical thinking skills to analyze and convey the ethical components of a problem or dilemma Possession of a high degree of integrity to stand up for your personal and professional ethics The ability to see situations from others' perspectives (showing concern for others) Personal motivation to do the right thing.

Appreciating/Valuing

At this stage, one begins to understand that cultures have strengths and weaknesses; such an understanding leads to appreciation and valuing of specific aspects of other cultures. A change occurs from objectivity to subjectivity considering cultural aspects in terms of one's own identity and values.

Respecting Autonomy

Autonomy does not imply unrestricted freedom. Attitude: individuals possess a level of confidence to make rational/informed decisions.

What are the 7 personal competencies for establishing cross-cultural relationships? (Johnson, 2012).

Be non-judgemental Be flexible Listen attentively/observe carefully Assume complexity Manage personal biases Show respect Show empathy

Tolerance

Being different is just a phase of development that most people "grow out" of. Thus, one should protect and tolerate those who are different as does a child who is still learning

Rule-based thinking

Follow only the principle that you want everyone else to follow. "If everyone followed the rule(s) of action I am following, would that gumcreate the greatest good of the greatest worth of character? (duty, obligation)

Ethical leadership can be learned

Ethical learning is a process involving experience, reflection, conceptualization, and application. Trial-and-error experiences can sharpen your ethical analysis, as well as your reflection about notions of what is just and fair in a given situation. You can learn this before you must act or make a decision. The life experiences you gain over time will affect your development as an ethical leader.

List the 8 assumptions about ethical leadership.

Ethics is the heart of leadership All leadership is values-driven Personal values intersect with organizational values Ethical Leadership can be learned Ethical leadership involves a connection between ethical thought and action Character development is an essential ingredient of ethical leadership Ethical leadership is a shared process Everything we do teaches

List the components of the Hoopes Intercultural Learning Process.

Ethnocentrism -Transition Stages- Awareness Understanding Acceptance/Respect (Tolerance) Appreciating/Valuing Selective Adoption Multiculturalism

Doing No Harm or Nonmaleficence

Free from harm to others (psychological/physical). Do not risk harming others.

Acceptance

Implies that one needs to make accommodations for another's differences; does not acknowledge that others identity may be of the same value as one's own

Individual vs. community

self versus others or small group versus larger group

Self-Confidence

the ability to know that you can rely on your strengths, competencies, and skills in the many contexts in which you find yourself

Repulsion

view people who are different as strange, sick, crazy, and aversive. Views anything that will change them to be "more normal" or part of the mainstream as justifiable

Pity

views people who are different as somehow born that way and feels that it is pitiful. Sees being different as definitely immature and less preferred, so to help those poor individuals one should reinforce normal behaviors

Persona

what you would like others to think about you

Support

works to safeguard the rights of those that are different. One may be uncomfortable, but one is aware of the climate and the irrational unfairness in our society

Define the five areas associated with emotional Intelligence (Goleman).

•Self-awareness •Self-regulation •Motivation •Empathy •Social Skill

Describe what is meant by "stereotyping"

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing information that is most reinforced and most easily accessed jumps to the forefront If people persist with their first response as accurate and true, they may have difficulties in interpersonal interactions and find themselves unable to work effectively with those who do not fit stereotypes of the given group.

Nurturance

Assumes the differences in people are indispensable in society. Views differences with genuine affection and delight and is willing to be an advocate of those differences

Being Faithful or Fidelity

Keep promises; violate it and it may be impossible for others to develop a trusting relationship with you.

Two benefits of mindfulness.

1. Allows you to reflect more deeply about who you are and connect those beliefs with your actions 2. Greater insights about others and situations around you, resulting in greater clarity, deeper insights, and authentic connections with others

What are Bennis' 4 lessons for self-development?

1. You are your own best teacher 2. Accept responsibility; Blame no one 3. You can learn anything you want to learn 4. True understanding comes from reflection on your experience

Admiration

Acknowledges that being different in our society takes strength. One is willing to truly look at oneself and work on one's own personal biases

Multiculturalism

An ideal state and an ongoing PROCESS where a person is able to feel comfortable in and communicate effectively with people from many cultures and in many situations. Identities, self-concepts, outlooks, and value formation transcends cultural considerations. Very open to new experiences.

Intercultural Competence

Capacity of people to understand and interact effectively and successfully with others who differ in cultural beliefs, behaviors, and values Have the skill to accept their own cultural programming, appreciate personal differences without making negative judgements

List the hindrances to intercultural competence.

Dealing with personal discomfort Fear of in-group rejection Fear of out-group rejection Fear of loss of identity Fear of embarrassment

List Kidder's (1995) Three Principles of Ethical Decision Making.

Ends-based thinking Rule-based thinking Care-based thinking

Fear of embarrassment

Engaging in new activities carries an inherent risk of embarrassment Interactions in an unfamiliar social context create fear of inappropriate behavior evoking decisions...

What were the leadership lessons we could learn from Johnny Cash's leadership?

Gave a voice to the "little guys" or forgotten people Used his platform and talent to spread knowledge Disliked being categorized and he hated boundaries. Had great sympathy and empathy for those who were marginalized Authentic and credible because he never shifted his beliefs

Ego

How you feel about yourself

Acceptance/Respect(Tolerance)

Individuals at this stage accept the validity of other cultures without comparing them or judging them against one's own culture. A change in attitude of "Its OK for them" occurs, a relativistic approach. A Live and let live" attitude results and the value of other cultures is for others, not me.

Describe the concept of moral courage.

Intersection of 3 conceptual fields: principles, danger, and endurance Having an awareness of danger is key in possessing moral courage A willingness to endure some type of hardship such as risk of losing friends or a job is a component of moral courage. The opposite would be to say nothing, turning away or doing nothing when faced with ethical dilemmas. *Nelson Mandela*

Ethics is the heart of leadership

It is the central issue in leadership (Ciulla, 1995). You cannot have a complete discussion about leadership without including the ethical components associated with leadership processes. "Good leadership" means leadership that is effective, in that goals were achieved, and that follow a sound and ethical process. The means justify the ends when leading with integrity.

Who were our Two "Great Leaders"?

Johnny Cash Nancy Brinker

List and explain the four components of Kidder's (2005) Four-dilemma Paradigm Model.

Justice vs. mercy Short term vs. long term Individual vs. community Truth vs. loyalty

Examples of toxic leaders

Leaving their followers worse off than they found them Violating the basic standards of human rights of their own supporters, as well as those of other individuals and groups they do not count among their followers Consciously feeding their followers illusions that enhance the leader's power and impair the followers' capacity to act independently (e.g., persuading followers that they are the only ones who can save them or the organization) Misleading followers through deliberate untruths and misdiagnoses of issues and problems Insatiable ambition that prompts leaders to put their own sustained power, glory, and fortunes above their followers' well-being Enormous egos that blind leaders to the shortcomings of their own character and thus limit their capacity for self-renewal Reckless disregard for the costs of their actions to others, as well as to themselves Cowardice that leads them to shrink from difficult choices

Ethical leadership involves a connection between ethical thought and action

Linking moral reasoning with values and action is imperative in leadership. The point of this chapter is not to have you memorize dozens of ethical theories. The goal is to engage you in ethical analysis and insights based on theories and concepts applied to real-life experiences

Low self-esteem

May mean you expect something better or different than you feel

Ethical leadership is a shared process

Members at all levels of an organization or community have the opportunity and responsibility to participate in the process of exercising ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is a shared process, not just the responsibility of a positional leader. Leaders and participants share the responsibility of advancing core organizational values and of doing the right thing. Members often are called upon to be courageous and to advocate for what is right, despite risks such as losing a job or alienating friends. Organizations that are overpowering and inclusive involve members in wrestling with ethical dilemmas and seek their advice on how to resolve problems.

Dealing with personal discomfort

Most people like to live in their comfort zones: •Unfamiliar •Different •Difficult to relax •Hard to be yourself •Anxiety

List the components of the Riddle Scale: Attitudes Toward Differences

Negative: Repulsion Pity Tolerance Acceptance Positive: Support Admiration Appreciation Nurturance

Benefiting Others or Beneficence

Promoting the interests of the organization above personal interests and self-gain. The notion of promoting what is good for the whole of the organization or community and promoting the growth of the group is upheld in the principle of beneficence

Care-based thinking

Put love for others first. Put yourself in another's shoes; how would they feel. (recipient; Golden Rule)

List and explain the Five Ethical Principles in Decision Making

Respecting autonomy Doing no harm or nonmaleficence Benefiting others or beneficence Being just or justice Being faithful or fidelity

Everything we do teaches

Role modeling is a powerful way to influence the ethical climate in families, organizations, and communities. We learn by watching others, and we make judgments about what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior in organizations. If any member (including the positional leader) routinely discriminates against other students in a membership recruitment process, then others in the organization might believe it is acceptable to exclude students of color in extending invitations to join the group. Conversely, if a leader values diversity and decides to increase the number of minorities by 50% on her senior staff, then other managers of the company will most likely follow her strategy.

What were the leadership lessons we could learn from Nancy Brinker's leadership?

Small acts of charity can change the world Local activism can drive global social change One person can truly make a difference Grass root movement- driven by the politics of a community

Explain what is meant by "cultural programming"

Takes place over a lifetime Used to identify the various way in which culture influences how we make sense of our situations. Creates a value and belief system, and develop a worldview Individuals positive and negative reactions to events, people, and other phenomena in their environment are the result of their cultural programming

Emotional Intelligence

The capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships. A learned set of behaviors that provides building blocks in establishing relationships and deepening relationships with others. Takes time and starts with a genuine desire and commitment to learn about yourself and your impact on others

Understanding

This stage involves the acquiring of knowledge and information about other cultures on a rational, cognitive level. The individual begins to piece together the puzzle of other culture from pieces of information about values, customs, etc. Occurs in a detached and separate way

Fear of in-group rejection

The idea of us and them is a very simple way of explain in-group/out-group phenomena What would my friends say? Many people discontinue outgroup socialization at the first hint of ingroup

Selective Adoption

The individuals at this stage tries and adopts new attitudes and behaviors from other cultures which are believed to be useful and desirable to emulate. Aspects of another culture which have value and worth for the individual personally are integrated into her/his way of thinking, feeling, or acting.

Personal values intersect with organizational values

The journey to ethical leadership begins with an examination of personal values, as well as ongoing reflection of personal core values and how these values are related to the values of an organization or community. Your personal moral compass will guide you in wrestling with ethical dilemmas and eventually will point you in the direction of making a decision based on ethical analysis, consideration of opposing viewpoints, your personal values, and the values of your organization

Being Just or Justice

Treat people fairly and equally. (Aristotle - Ethics)

List and be able to describe the six pillars/actions for a person of character (Josephson Institute).

Trustworthiness Respect Responsibility Fairness Caring Citizenship

Appreciation

Values the diversity of people and is willing to confront insensitive attitudes

High self-esteem

a result of valuing your self-concept (Esteem is enhanced if you can identify your strengths and weaknesses and know you are growing and progressing in the areas you want to improve in)

All leadership is values-driven

We need to reframe leadership so that it represents values that reflect good (ethical) leadership. Participants and leaders bring to the organization their own beliefs about how people should be treated, notions of what is right versus what is wrong, and ideas about what is just and fair. Organizations and communities are value-driven as opposed to values-neutral

Define "pluralistic leadership"

When heterogeneous (diverse) groups of people work together to accomplish change. It is enhanced when a person understands, develops an appreciation for, and possesses the skills needed to communicate across these borders and come to common understandings Pluralism of a group refers to the plethora of differences that need to be understood in order to accomplish shared purpose

Mindfulness

a holistic way of living and being in tune with yourself and what is happening around you. Mindfulness is the capacity to be fully aware of all that one experiences inside the self -body, mind, heart, and spirit- and to pay full attention to what is happening around us.

Ends-based thinking

do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number (cost-benefit analysis - who will be hurt; who will be helped)

Justice vs. mercy

fairness and equity conflict with compassion, empathy, and love

Truth vs. loyalty

honesty competes with commitment, responsibility, or promise-keeping

Perception

how other people see you

Short term vs. long term

immediate needs run counter to future goals