ALHS1060 Final Exam

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugar intake should be limited to less than __% of total daily calories.

10%

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than __% of total daily calories.

10%

A serving of food that contains 15g carbohydrates, 3g protein, 5mg vitamin C, 5g fat, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ___.

117 kcals

Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intake. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ___ kcal/day.

180 kcal/day

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, most healthy people should limit their daily sodium intake to __mg/day.

2300 mg/day

Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020), she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ____ kcal/day.

250 kcal/day

Which of the following compounds is NOT secreted by the human stomach? A. Bile B. Gastric juice C. Mucus D. Intrinsic factor

A. Bile

Which of the following substances is a fat soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity? A. E B. B6 C. D D. B12

A. E

Which of the following statements is true? A. Nutrient deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients B. Headaches are a common sign of a mineral deficiency disease C. Most phytochemicals are classified as essential nutrients D. Skin rashes are always a symptom of vitamin deficiency diseases

A. Nutrient deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients

Which of the following is NOT true about water? A. Water is necessary for immune function B. Water is necessary for elimination of waste from the body C. Water is an essential nutrient D. Water plays a role in the regulation of body temperature

A. Water is necessary for immune function

____ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Anabolism

A(n) ____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.

Antioxidant

Proteins ____

Are composed of amino acids

A common role of B vitamins is that they ___

Are important in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes

Which of the following does NOT affect nutrition needs? A. Age B. Ethnicity C. Gender D. Health status

B. Ethnicity

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D? A. Dark orange and yellow vegetables B. Fatty fish and fish oils C. Whole-grain breads and cereals D. Fresh fruit

B. Fatty fish and fish oils

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A megadose is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient B. In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health C. In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health D. Dietary supplements include fish oil, glucosamine, echinacea, and flaxseed oil

B. In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? A. VLDL B. LDL C. HDL D. Chylomicron

B. LDL

Which of the following foods or beverages is a main source of added sugar in American diets? A. Jams and jellies B. Regular soft drinks C. Fruit juices D. Pastries

B. Regular soft drinks

Which of the following is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body? A. Carbohydrate B. Vitamin D C. Protein D. Fat

B. Vitamin D

Which of the following sources of oil would be recommended as part of a healthy diet? A. Lard B. Shortening C. Avocado D. Butter

C. Avocado

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract? A. Salivary amylase breaking down starch in the mouth B. Gastrin stimulating HCI production in the stomach C. Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth D. Pancreatic lipase breaking down fat in the small intestine

C. Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which of the following statements is true? A. A healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level is greater than 7% B. People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes C. Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes D. To remain healthy, your fasting blood glucose level should always be at least 140 mg/dL

C. Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes

Which of the following substances is a macronutrient? A. Sodium B. Vitamin C C. Protein D. Calcium

C. Protein

Which of the following statements is true? A. Each gram of fiber supplies about 6kcal for humans B. Diets high in fiber increase the risk of type 2 diabetes C. The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber D. Eating foods rich in insoluble fiber may increase one's risk for heart disease.

C. The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber

Plants make ___ by using the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water.

Carbohydrates

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ___.

Catabolic

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ____.

Celiac disease

In a person with type 2 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ____.

Cells do not respond to insulin

The body uses proteins to make ___

Certain hormones

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be ____.

Converted into fat and stored

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins? A. Microwaving in little to no water B. Steaming in a vegetable steamer C. Stir-frying in a small amount of oil D. Boiling in a saucepan of water

D. Boiling in a saucepan of water

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein? A. Soybean oil B. Sesame seed crackers C. Avocado with leafy greens salad D. Fat-free milk

D. Fat-free milk

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues? A. LDL B. Insulin C. Insoluble fiber D. HDL

D. HDL

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Help in the production of steroid hormones B. Serving as an energy source C. Cushioning of the body against bumps and blows D. Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

D. Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

Chyme moves from the stomach into the ___.

Duodenum

True/False: Being underweight reduces a person's risk of illness and infection.

False

Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are rich sources of ___.

Folate

Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate ___ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.

Folate

The human body needs vitamin K to ____

Form active blood clotting factors

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been ____.

Fortified

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes a day. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing ___.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ____ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

Glucagon

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as ____.

Glycogen

Regardless of the type of diabetes, the primary sign of the disease is _____, abnormally elevated blood glucose levels.

Hyperglycemia

The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes ____.

Insulin therapy

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ___

Iron

Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?

Lactoovovegetarian

The ____ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.

Large intestine

The ___ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus.

Lower esophageal

The process of digesting food begins in the ____

Mouth

The innermost layer of the GI tract is the ___.

Mucosa

An essential nutrient ____

Must be supplied by the diet

Felicity's LDL cholesterol level is too high. To lower her cholesterol level, she took large doses of a certain vitamin supplement, but she experienced severe facial flushing as a result. Based on this information, which vitamin did she take?

Niacin

____ are water soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

When a person is in ____, their nitrogen intake is balanced with their nitrogen losses.

Nitrogen equilibrium

According to the MyPlate guidelines, fruits and vegetables should account for about ___ of the food on a person's plate.

One half

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of ____.

Osteomalacia

Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, Cameron has ___.

PKU

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called ____.

Peristalsis

In the body, lipids ____

Provide insulation against cold temperatures

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ____.

Scurvy

Energy is defined as ___

The capacity to perform work

The ____ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

The small intestine

The ___ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

Thyroid gland

True/False: Following a well balanced diet and avoiding eating large fish during the prenatal period reduces the risk of methylmercury contamination and its impact on the nervous system development during pregnancy.

True

True/False: Gastric bypass surgery can increase a person's risk of osteoporosis.

True

True/False: HIV can be transmitted to the baby via the mother's milk.

True

True/False: The term "vitamin" comes from vita (necessary for life) and amine (a type of nitrogen-containing substance)

True

Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he are nothing from the food group that includes ____.

Vegetables

Compared to other water soluble vitamins, the body can store large amounts of ____.

Vitamin B12

Dorothy is a 65-year old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

Vitamin B12 injections

_____ are fat soluble vitamins.

Vitamin K, vitamin D, and vitamin A

In the US, newborns receive an injection of ___ to prevent ____.

Vitamin K; bleeding