BIO 1082 EXAM 3 REVIEW
Leaves and Photosynthesis
-green portions carry on photosynthesis -carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata -roots absorb water -CO2 and H2O diffuse into mesophyll cells and then into chloroplasts
Tropism
-growth toward or away from a directional stimulus
Eudicots
-have 2 cotyledons -supply nutrients to seedlings -leaf veins form a net pattern -flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples -dandelions, oak trees, and many others
Ferns
-have megaphylls or fronds -large leaves with branched veins -larger surface area for photosynthesis -better able to make food, grow, and reproduce -flagellated sperm -sporangia located in sori on the underside of the fronds
Monocots
-have one cotyledon -store some nutrients and transfer nutrients stored elsewhere -leaf veins form a parallel pattern -flower parts in threes and multiples of three -grasses, lilies, orchids, palm trees, rice, what, corn, etc
Ecological Niche
-incorporates the role of the species in the community, its habitat, and its interactions with other species -includes the living and nonliving resources that individuals in the population need to meet their energy, nutrient, and survival demands
Parenchyma
-least specialized -may contain chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis -may contain colorless plastids that store products of photosynthesis
Apical Meristem
-located at very top and bottom of plant -differentiate into 3 types of specialized tissues: -epidermal (outer protective covering) -ground (filler and carries out functions) -vascular (transport)
Microspore
-male gametophyte -pollen grain
2 Major Types of Flowering Plants
-monocots -eudicots
Sclerenchyma
-most nonliving -contain lignin -primary function is to support mature regions of plant
Seed Plants
-most plentiful land plants today -seed coat an stored food protect sporophyte embryo and allow it to survive until environmental conditions become favorable -survival advantage of seeds accounts for the dominance of seed plants
Kingdom Plantae
-multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that have become adapted to a land existence -gametes, zygote, and embryo must be protected from drying out
Competitive Exclusion Principle
-no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time
Exotic Species
-nonnative species -intentionally or accidentally introduced to an area by humans
Fungi
-not plants (no chloroplasts=can't photosynthesize) -not animals (do not ingest food and are not motile)
Calvin Cycle Reactions
-occur in stroma -CO2 taken up -ATP and NADPH used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate
Light Reactions
-occur in thylakoid membrane -chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and energizes electrons -water is oxidized, releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen -ATP produced in electron transport chain -NADP+ -> NADPH
Primary Succession
-occurs where soil has not yet formed -on hardened flows or bedrock scraped by glaciers
Double Fertilization
-one sperm fertilizes egg to form 2n zygote -other sperm unites with two nuclei of embryo sac forming 3n endosperm
Carpel
-ovary at base; contains ovules -style elevates stigma (receives pollen grains) -the "female" portion of the flower
Biogeochemical Cycles
-pathways by which chemicals cycle within ecosystems -involves both living and nonliving factors
Producers
-produce food themselves -feed all consumers
Primary Productivity
-rate at which producers capture and store energy as organic nutrients over a certain length of time -influenced by temp, moisture, and nature of soil
Cycles May Involve:
-reservoirs -exchange pool -biotic community
Human Fungal Diseases
-ringworm -athelete's foot
2 Types of Chemical Cycling
-sedimentary -gaseous
Auxins
-soften the cell wall so plants can grow -involved in phototropism (when stems bend towards light source)
Habitat
-spatially -species live in a particular area of the community, such as underground, in the trees, or in shallow water (just the space)
Keystone Species
-species that stabilizes the community and holds the web together -loss of keystone species can lead to extinction of other species
Stamen
-stalk is called "filament" -pollen produced in anther -the "male" portion of the flower
Nonwoody Stems
-stem that experiences only primary growth -herbaceous plants -outermost tissue is epidermis
Major Terrestrial Ecosystems (Biomes)
-temp and rainfall define the biome -contains communities adapted to regional climate
D. Gene Flow
A group of field mice crosses a highway and joins a new population of field mice on the other side, producing offspring with this population. This is an example of: A. Hybridization B. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium C. Assortative Mating D. Gene Flow E. Genetic Drift
A. Resource Partitioning
Among American warblers, several different species often live in the same spruce trees and eat caterpillars. However, each species reproduces at a slightly different time of year and each species also forages at different areas within the tree canopy. these differences in foraging behaviors and reproduction is an example of: A. Resources Partitioning B. Competitive Exclusion C. Character Displacement D. Mutualism E. Competitive Inclusion
C. Gymnosperm
If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n): A. Lycophyte B. Fern C. Gymnosperm D. Angiosperm
C. The trait is an autosomal dominant trait
If both parents express a particular trait, but their child does not, what does this indicate about the trait? A. This is a lethal trait B. The trait is sex-linked recessive C. The trait is an autosomal dominant trait D. The trait is an autosomal recessive trait
A. Wallace described a sharp line dividing Australian species from Asian species
Many people refer to Alfred Russel Wallace as the "father of biogeography." Which of the following contributions led Wallace to achieve this title? A. Wallace described a sharp line dividing Australian species from Asian species B. Wallace described the idea of evolution at the same time as Darwin C. Wallace coined the term "survival of the fittest" D. Wallace prompted Darwin to publish the book On the Origin of Species E. Wallace had traveled around the world and collected specimens
D. Through xylem tissue as water column is pulled upward
Mineral transport in plants occurs: A. Through both xylem and phloem tissue B. Continuously through phloem in both C. Through xylem tissue when sugars are present D. Through xylem tissue as water column is pulled upward
B. Terminal Bud
Primary growth occurs from the: A. Axils B. Terminal Bud C. Root Hairs D. Nodes
C. Able to produce numerous offspring
The first pioneer species to appear in an area undergoing secondary succession is: A. A secondary consumer B. Long-lived C. Able to produce numerous offspring D. An equilibrium species E. Slow to reach maturity
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of carpel
False
True/False Dominance causes an allele to become more common
False
True/False: The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation
D. Viruses
What structure is often used to deliver copies of genes into cells? A. Bacteria B. PCR C. Prions D. Viruses E. Hypodermic Needles
B. Protection of the embryo
Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? A. Evolution of seeds B. Protection of the embryo C. Evolution of vascular tissue D. Evolution of microphylls
B. Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a net-like pattern
Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants? A. Monocot flower part occur in multiples of four or five, while eudicot flower parts occur in multiples of three B. Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a net-like pattern C. The leaves of monocot plants have leaf veins that form a net-like pattern, while the leaves of eudicot plants have parallel leaf veins
E. Filament-produces pollen
Which of the following is an incorrect match for structure to function? A. Sepal-protection of flower B. Petal-attracts pollinator C. Ovary-contains female gametophyte D. Stigma-allows pollen to adhere E. Filament-produces pollen
D. Absorption of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not a typical function of the root system? A. Anchorage B. Absorption of nitrates C. Absorption of minerals D. Absorption of carbon dioxide E. Absorption of water
E. Translation
Which process requires the participation of all three types of RNA? A. Replication B. RNA processing C. Transcription D. Complementary Base Pairing E. Translation
D. Flowers
Which structure is a characteristic found only in Angiosperms? A. Vascular Tissue B. Seed C. Leaf D. Flowers
B. Pruning the shoot tip
You wish to change the growth pattern of the shrubs in your yard to give them a fuller, more bushy appearance. This could be accomplished by: A. Pruning the lateral buds B. Pruning the shoot tip C. Pruning the shoot tip and applying auxin to the shoot D. Applying auxin to the roots
Terminal Bud
activity at ________ ____ at tip of shoot causes shoot to increase in length
Community
assemblages of populations of multiple species interacting with one another within a single environment
Conifer
bears cones containing the reproductive structure of the plant
Energy Flow
begins when producers absorb solar energy
Chemical Cycling
begins when producers take in inorganic nutrients from the physical environment
Detrital Food Web
begins with bacteria and fungi
Grazing Food web
begins with plants
Monoecious Flowers
both male and female flowers on one plant
Decomposers
break down organic matter including animal waste
Sedimentary Chemical Cycle
chemical is absorbed from the sediment by plant roots, passed through the food chain, and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers
Climax-Pattern Model
climate of an area always leads to the same stable climax community
Biotic Community
consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic species of an ecosystem that feed on each other
Food Chain
diagrams that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem
Gaseous Chemical Cycle
element returns to and is withdrawn from the atmosphere as a gas
Biosphere
encompasses all the ecosystems on planet Earth and final level of biological organization
Secondary Succession
ex: begins in a cultivated field that is no longer farmed (soil already present)
Long-Day Plants/Short-Night Plants
flower when the day length is longer and the night is shorter than a critical length
Short-Day Plants/Long-Night Plants
flower when the day length is shorter and the night is longer than a definite length of time called the critical length
Collenchyma
give flexible support to immature regions of plant body
Diversity
goes beyond species richness to include species distribution and relative abundance
Negative Tropism
growth away from stimuli
Positive Tropism
growth toward stimuli
Bisexual Flowers
have both stamens and carpels
Unisexual Flowers
have either stamens or carpels
Food Web
interconnecting paths of energy flow between components of an ecosystem
Trophic Level
level of nourishment within a food web or chain
Dioecious Flowers
male and female flowers on separate plants
Ecological Succession
more or less orderly process of community change
Commensalism
one species benefits while the other is not harmed
42%
only about ______ % of the solar radiation reaching the Earth hits the surface
Parasitism
parasite obtains nutrients from host but does not kill host
Predation
predator feeds on prey
Photoperiod
ratio of length of day to length of night over a 24-hour period
Gravitropism
response to gravity
Root System
roots
Reservoirs
source normally unavailable to organisms
Exchange Pool
source of which organisms generally take elements
Species Richnes
species composition of a community
Ecosystem
species interacting with each other and the physical environment
Native Species
species that are indigenous to an area and have evolved in that particular community
Petiole
stalk that attaches blade to stem
Shoot System
stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit
Transfer Rate
the amount of nutrient that moves from one component of the environment to another within a specified amount of time
Longer Wavelengths
these wavelengths contain less energy
Shorter Wavelengths
these wavelengths contain more energy
Hyphae
thin filaments of cells making up all parts of a typical fungus
Cross-Pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of carpel of a different plant
Photosynthesis
transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates
Phloem
transports sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to roots
Xylem
transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
Mutualism
two species interact so that they both benefit
Blade
wide portion of leaf
Angiosperms
-"covered seeds" -ovule completely enclosed in tissue that will become the fruit -flowering plants -exceptionally large and successful group of land plants
Gynosperms
-"naked seeds" -ovule not enclosed by sporophyte tissue at pollination -ex: Cycads and Conifers
CO2 Fixation
-CO2 from atmosphere is attached to RuBP by RuBP carboxylase -6-carbon molecule split into 2 3-carbon molecules -uses NADPH (for electrons) and some ATP (for energy) from light reactions -forms G3P (can become glucose)
5 Evolutionary Events Characterize the Plants
-Embryo protection -Vascular tissue -Megaphylls -Seeds -Flowers
Types of Seed Plants
-Gymnosperms -Angiosperms
Flower Anatomy
-Sepals -Petals -Stamen -Carpel
Flowers
-aka: Angiosperms -reproductive structure to attract pollinators and give rise to fruits
Nonvascular Plants
-aka: Bryophytes -do not have true roots, stems, and leaves (no vascular tissue) -most familiar= liverworts and mosses
Megaphylls
-aka: Ferns -increases the amount of photosynthesis and carbohydrates produced
Seeds
-aka: Gymnosperms -contains embryo and stored organic nutrients inside a protective coat
Seedless Vascular Plants
-aka: Lycophytes -among first land plants to have vascular tissue -small leaves called microphylls
Vascular Tissue
-aka: Lycophytes -for water transport, have true roots, stems, and leaves
Embryo Protection
-all plants protect their embryos -algae do not -mosses (lack vascular tissue but DO protect embryos)
Carotenoids
-appear yellow or orange because they reflect those colors -absorb violet-blue-green range -accessory pigments show up in the fall when chlorophyll breaks down
Competition
-between two species for limited resources -has a negative effect on the abundance of both species
Chlorophyll
-both a & b absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths better than other colors -green is reflected=leaves appear green
Sepals
-collectively called calyx -protect flower bud
Petals
-collectively called corolla -quite diverse in size, shape, and color
Equilibrium Species
-come later -larger in size -long-lived -slow to mature -produce few offspring per reproductive event
Interactions in Communities
-competition -predation -parasitism -commensalism -mutualism
Meristem Tissue
-composed of meristem cells that divide and allow plants to grow their entire lives
Calvin Cycle
-divided into 3 portions: -CO2 fixation -CO2 reduction -regeneration of RuBP
Day-Neutral Plants
-do not depend on day/night lengths for flowering -relies on other environmental stimuli
Consumers
-do not make their own food -have to consume food
Chloroplast
-double membrane surrounds stroma -3rd membrane forms thylakoids (grana=stacks) -pigments absorb solar energy
Omnivores
-eat both plants and animals -humans -can be primary, secondary, or tertiary consumers
Carnivores
-eat other animals -secondary or tertiary consumers -tertiary consumers are top predators
Coevolution
-evolutionary change in one species results in an evolutionary change in another -ex: hummingbird-pollinated flowers are usually red (a color that these birds can see) and petals are recurved to allow stamens to dust hummingbirds' heads
Woody Stems
-experience both primary and secondary growth -secondary growth increases the girth of stems, branches, and roots -occurs due to differences in location and activation of vascular cambium
Megaspore
-female gametophyte -the embryo sac
Ground Tissue
-forms bulk of leaves, stems, and roots -Contains 3 Types of cells: -Parenchyma -Collenchyma -Sclerenchyma
Herbivores
-graze on algae or plants -primary consumers