BIO 1082 EXAM 3 REVIEW

Leaves and Photosynthesis

-green portions carry on photosynthesis -carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata -roots absorb water -CO2 and H2O diffuse into mesophyll cells and then into chloroplasts

Tropism

-growth toward or away from a directional stimulus

Eudicots

-have 2 cotyledons -supply nutrients to seedlings -leaf veins form a net pattern -flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples -dandelions, oak trees, and many others

Ferns

-have megaphylls or fronds -large leaves with branched veins -larger surface area for photosynthesis -better able to make food, grow, and reproduce -flagellated sperm -sporangia located in sori on the underside of the fronds

Monocots

-have one cotyledon -store some nutrients and transfer nutrients stored elsewhere -leaf veins form a parallel pattern -flower parts in threes and multiples of three -grasses, lilies, orchids, palm trees, rice, what, corn, etc

Ecological Niche

-incorporates the role of the species in the community, its habitat, and its interactions with other species -includes the living and nonliving resources that individuals in the population need to meet their energy, nutrient, and survival demands

Parenchyma

-least specialized -may contain chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis -may contain colorless plastids that store products of photosynthesis

Apical Meristem

-located at very top and bottom of plant -differentiate into 3 types of specialized tissues: -epidermal (outer protective covering) -ground (filler and carries out functions) -vascular (transport)

Microspore

-male gametophyte -pollen grain

2 Major Types of Flowering Plants

-monocots -eudicots

Sclerenchyma

-most nonliving -contain lignin -primary function is to support mature regions of plant

Seed Plants

-most plentiful land plants today -seed coat an stored food protect sporophyte embryo and allow it to survive until environmental conditions become favorable -survival advantage of seeds accounts for the dominance of seed plants

Kingdom Plantae

-multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that have become adapted to a land existence -gametes, zygote, and embryo must be protected from drying out

Competitive Exclusion Principle

-no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time

Exotic Species

-nonnative species -intentionally or accidentally introduced to an area by humans

Fungi

-not plants (no chloroplasts=can't photosynthesize) -not animals (do not ingest food and are not motile)

Calvin Cycle Reactions

-occur in stroma -CO2 taken up -ATP and NADPH used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate

Light Reactions

-occur in thylakoid membrane -chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and energizes electrons -water is oxidized, releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen -ATP produced in electron transport chain -NADP+ -> NADPH

Primary Succession

-occurs where soil has not yet formed -on hardened flows or bedrock scraped by glaciers

Double Fertilization

-one sperm fertilizes egg to form 2n zygote -other sperm unites with two nuclei of embryo sac forming 3n endosperm

Carpel

-ovary at base; contains ovules -style elevates stigma (receives pollen grains) -the "female" portion of the flower

Biogeochemical Cycles

-pathways by which chemicals cycle within ecosystems -involves both living and nonliving factors

Producers

-produce food themselves -feed all consumers

Primary Productivity

-rate at which producers capture and store energy as organic nutrients over a certain length of time -influenced by temp, moisture, and nature of soil

Cycles May Involve:

-reservoirs -exchange pool -biotic community

Human Fungal Diseases

-ringworm -athelete's foot

2 Types of Chemical Cycling

-sedimentary -gaseous

Auxins

-soften the cell wall so plants can grow -involved in phototropism (when stems bend towards light source)

Habitat

-spatially -species live in a particular area of the community, such as underground, in the trees, or in shallow water (just the space)

Keystone Species

-species that stabilizes the community and holds the web together -loss of keystone species can lead to extinction of other species

Stamen

-stalk is called "filament" -pollen produced in anther -the "male" portion of the flower

Nonwoody Stems

-stem that experiences only primary growth -herbaceous plants -outermost tissue is epidermis

Major Terrestrial Ecosystems (Biomes)

-temp and rainfall define the biome -contains communities adapted to regional climate

D. Gene Flow

A group of field mice crosses a highway and joins a new population of field mice on the other side, producing offspring with this population. This is an example of: A. Hybridization B. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium C. Assortative Mating D. Gene Flow E. Genetic Drift

A. Resource Partitioning

Among American warblers, several different species often live in the same spruce trees and eat caterpillars. However, each species reproduces at a slightly different time of year and each species also forages at different areas within the tree canopy. these differences in foraging behaviors and reproduction is an example of: A. Resources Partitioning B. Competitive Exclusion C. Character Displacement D. Mutualism E. Competitive Inclusion

C. Gymnosperm

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n): A. Lycophyte B. Fern C. Gymnosperm D. Angiosperm

C. The trait is an autosomal dominant trait

If both parents express a particular trait, but their child does not, what does this indicate about the trait? A. This is a lethal trait B. The trait is sex-linked recessive C. The trait is an autosomal dominant trait D. The trait is an autosomal recessive trait

A. Wallace described a sharp line dividing Australian species from Asian species

Many people refer to Alfred Russel Wallace as the "father of biogeography." Which of the following contributions led Wallace to achieve this title? A. Wallace described a sharp line dividing Australian species from Asian species B. Wallace described the idea of evolution at the same time as Darwin C. Wallace coined the term "survival of the fittest" D. Wallace prompted Darwin to publish the book On the Origin of Species E. Wallace had traveled around the world and collected specimens

D. Through xylem tissue as water column is pulled upward

Mineral transport in plants occurs: A. Through both xylem and phloem tissue B. Continuously through phloem in both C. Through xylem tissue when sugars are present D. Through xylem tissue as water column is pulled upward

B. Terminal Bud

Primary growth occurs from the: A. Axils B. Terminal Bud C. Root Hairs D. Nodes

C. Able to produce numerous offspring

The first pioneer species to appear in an area undergoing secondary succession is: A. A secondary consumer B. Long-lived C. Able to produce numerous offspring D. An equilibrium species E. Slow to reach maturity

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of carpel

False

True/False Dominance causes an allele to become more common

False

True/False: The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation

D. Viruses

What structure is often used to deliver copies of genes into cells? A. Bacteria B. PCR C. Prions D. Viruses E. Hypodermic Needles

B. Protection of the embryo

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? A. Evolution of seeds B. Protection of the embryo C. Evolution of vascular tissue D. Evolution of microphylls

B. Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a net-like pattern

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants? A. Monocot flower part occur in multiples of four or five, while eudicot flower parts occur in multiples of three B. Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a net-like pattern C. The leaves of monocot plants have leaf veins that form a net-like pattern, while the leaves of eudicot plants have parallel leaf veins

E. Filament-produces pollen

Which of the following is an incorrect match for structure to function? A. Sepal-protection of flower B. Petal-attracts pollinator C. Ovary-contains female gametophyte D. Stigma-allows pollen to adhere E. Filament-produces pollen

D. Absorption of carbon dioxide

Which of the following is not a typical function of the root system? A. Anchorage B. Absorption of nitrates C. Absorption of minerals D. Absorption of carbon dioxide E. Absorption of water

E. Translation

Which process requires the participation of all three types of RNA? A. Replication B. RNA processing C. Transcription D. Complementary Base Pairing E. Translation

D. Flowers

Which structure is a characteristic found only in Angiosperms? A. Vascular Tissue B. Seed C. Leaf D. Flowers

B. Pruning the shoot tip

You wish to change the growth pattern of the shrubs in your yard to give them a fuller, more bushy appearance. This could be accomplished by: A. Pruning the lateral buds B. Pruning the shoot tip C. Pruning the shoot tip and applying auxin to the shoot D. Applying auxin to the roots

Terminal Bud

activity at ________ ____ at tip of shoot causes shoot to increase in length

Community

assemblages of populations of multiple species interacting with one another within a single environment

Conifer

bears cones containing the reproductive structure of the plant

Energy Flow

begins when producers absorb solar energy

Chemical Cycling

begins when producers take in inorganic nutrients from the physical environment

Detrital Food Web

begins with bacteria and fungi

Grazing Food web

begins with plants

Monoecious Flowers

both male and female flowers on one plant

Decomposers

break down organic matter including animal waste

Sedimentary Chemical Cycle

chemical is absorbed from the sediment by plant roots, passed through the food chain, and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers

Climax-Pattern Model

climate of an area always leads to the same stable climax community

Biotic Community

consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic species of an ecosystem that feed on each other

Food Chain

diagrams that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem

Gaseous Chemical Cycle

element returns to and is withdrawn from the atmosphere as a gas

Biosphere

encompasses all the ecosystems on planet Earth and final level of biological organization

Secondary Succession

ex: begins in a cultivated field that is no longer farmed (soil already present)

Long-Day Plants/Short-Night Plants

flower when the day length is longer and the night is shorter than a critical length

Short-Day Plants/Long-Night Plants

flower when the day length is shorter and the night is longer than a definite length of time called the critical length

Collenchyma

give flexible support to immature regions of plant body

Diversity

goes beyond species richness to include species distribution and relative abundance

Negative Tropism

growth away from stimuli

Positive Tropism

growth toward stimuli

Bisexual Flowers

have both stamens and carpels

Unisexual Flowers

have either stamens or carpels

Food Web

interconnecting paths of energy flow between components of an ecosystem

Trophic Level

level of nourishment within a food web or chain

Dioecious Flowers

male and female flowers on separate plants

Ecological Succession

more or less orderly process of community change

Commensalism

one species benefits while the other is not harmed

42%

only about ______ % of the solar radiation reaching the Earth hits the surface

Parasitism

parasite obtains nutrients from host but does not kill host

Predation

predator feeds on prey

Photoperiod

ratio of length of day to length of night over a 24-hour period

Gravitropism

response to gravity

Root System

roots

Reservoirs

source normally unavailable to organisms

Exchange Pool

source of which organisms generally take elements

Species Richnes

species composition of a community

Ecosystem

species interacting with each other and the physical environment

Native Species

species that are indigenous to an area and have evolved in that particular community

Petiole

stalk that attaches blade to stem

Shoot System

stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit

Transfer Rate

the amount of nutrient that moves from one component of the environment to another within a specified amount of time

Longer Wavelengths

these wavelengths contain less energy

Shorter Wavelengths

these wavelengths contain more energy

Hyphae

thin filaments of cells making up all parts of a typical fungus

Cross-Pollination

transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of carpel of a different plant

Photosynthesis

transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates

Phloem

transports sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to roots

Xylem

transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

Mutualism

two species interact so that they both benefit

Blade

wide portion of leaf

Angiosperms

-"covered seeds" -ovule completely enclosed in tissue that will become the fruit -flowering plants -exceptionally large and successful group of land plants

Gynosperms

-"naked seeds" -ovule not enclosed by sporophyte tissue at pollination -ex: Cycads and Conifers

CO2 Fixation

-CO2 from atmosphere is attached to RuBP by RuBP carboxylase -6-carbon molecule split into 2 3-carbon molecules -uses NADPH (for electrons) and some ATP (for energy) from light reactions -forms G3P (can become glucose)

5 Evolutionary Events Characterize the Plants

-Embryo protection -Vascular tissue -Megaphylls -Seeds -Flowers

Types of Seed Plants

-Gymnosperms -Angiosperms

Flower Anatomy

-Sepals -Petals -Stamen -Carpel

Flowers

-aka: Angiosperms -reproductive structure to attract pollinators and give rise to fruits

Nonvascular Plants

-aka: Bryophytes -do not have true roots, stems, and leaves (no vascular tissue) -most familiar= liverworts and mosses

Megaphylls

-aka: Ferns -increases the amount of photosynthesis and carbohydrates produced

Seeds

-aka: Gymnosperms -contains embryo and stored organic nutrients inside a protective coat

Seedless Vascular Plants

-aka: Lycophytes -among first land plants to have vascular tissue -small leaves called microphylls

Vascular Tissue

-aka: Lycophytes -for water transport, have true roots, stems, and leaves

Embryo Protection

-all plants protect their embryos -algae do not -mosses (lack vascular tissue but DO protect embryos)

Carotenoids

-appear yellow or orange because they reflect those colors -absorb violet-blue-green range -accessory pigments show up in the fall when chlorophyll breaks down

Competition

-between two species for limited resources -has a negative effect on the abundance of both species

Chlorophyll

-both a & b absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths better than other colors -green is reflected=leaves appear green

Sepals

-collectively called calyx -protect flower bud

Petals

-collectively called corolla -quite diverse in size, shape, and color

Equilibrium Species

-come later -larger in size -long-lived -slow to mature -produce few offspring per reproductive event

Interactions in Communities

-competition -predation -parasitism -commensalism -mutualism

Meristem Tissue

-composed of meristem cells that divide and allow plants to grow their entire lives

Calvin Cycle

-divided into 3 portions: -CO2 fixation -CO2 reduction -regeneration of RuBP

Day-Neutral Plants

-do not depend on day/night lengths for flowering -relies on other environmental stimuli

Consumers

-do not make their own food -have to consume food

Chloroplast

-double membrane surrounds stroma -3rd membrane forms thylakoids (grana=stacks) -pigments absorb solar energy

Omnivores

-eat both plants and animals -humans -can be primary, secondary, or tertiary consumers

Carnivores

-eat other animals -secondary or tertiary consumers -tertiary consumers are top predators

Coevolution

-evolutionary change in one species results in an evolutionary change in another -ex: hummingbird-pollinated flowers are usually red (a color that these birds can see) and petals are recurved to allow stamens to dust hummingbirds' heads

Woody Stems

-experience both primary and secondary growth -secondary growth increases the girth of stems, branches, and roots -occurs due to differences in location and activation of vascular cambium

Megaspore

-female gametophyte -the embryo sac

Ground Tissue

-forms bulk of leaves, stems, and roots -Contains 3 Types of cells: -Parenchyma -Collenchyma -Sclerenchyma

Herbivores

-graze on algae or plants -primary consumers