ALL DBQ PROMPTS

Explain the reasons why a new conservatism rose to prominence in the United States between 1960 and 1989.

(already done). Context: -Reactions against the perceived permissiveness of the 1960s and 1970s, including the counterculture, antiwar protest, feminism, and the sexual revolution-Emergence of charismatic politicians such as Ronald Reagan Synthesis: -Comparing the rise of the New Right to earlier political coalitions such as the one that formed around the New Deal-Linking the rise of the New Right in this period to the later emergence of the Tea Party Peace Corps a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government established under JKF Civil Rights act of 1960 a law designed to further secure the right to vote for blacks and to meet problems arising from racial upheavals in the south Great Society Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress War on Poverty President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly Election of 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (D) vs. Barry Goldwater (R). Johnson won by a landslide and used this election to push through even more Great Society progressive legislation. Goldwater advocated to end social security and aid to the elderly Medicare, Medicad Medicare for Aged ProgramFeatures that provided basic medical services to poor and disabled Americans who were not part of social Security systemProvided basic insurance for Americans in Social Security system who were age 65 or older Civil Rights act of 1964 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing

Evaluate the extent of change in ideas about American Independence from 1763 to 1783.

-historically defensible-line of reasoning Ex. colonial ideas about American independence changed from just questioning British policies to calling for revolution. Although most colonists identified in the beginning of the American revolution as part of the British people and only sought greater representation( X ) the continued contention over economic policies( A ) and political autonomy( B ) forced many colonists to strive for a new identity as an independent America ( Y ). From the results of the French and Indian war, the Stamp act(stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial document) Tea act(effort to save the troubled enterprise, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773. The act granted the company the right to ship its tea directly to the colonies without first landing it in England, and to commission agents who would have the sole right to sell tea in the colonies), Proclamation of 1763(the Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.) these started the foundations of frustration on the colonists point of view. Then Thomas Paine came out with Common Sense and that inspired people to realize that they need to leave Britain's control. Then in 1776 the colonists declared for independence. It took until the Battle of Saratoga where the colonists defeated the British to gain support from foreign countries like France in the Treaty of Alliance. Then they went on to win the war so, most the world viewed Americans as independent from Britain To what extent did the American revolution fundamentally change American society? The American revolution stands for wanting liberty and having basic rights. These things will shape how American citizens act even still today. Even though they were fighting for land owning white men to have rights. And even though society as a whole has changed where all people are equal, they still all follow the same principles as the American revolution. Even in the US, women gained rights so they can have their liberties and same with blacks. To what extent were the Articles of Confederation an effective form of government? The Articles of Confederation were not a successful form of government. Even though there was a weak central government which is what they had a problem with, and the government was extremely limited with what they can do, the weaknesses outweigh. States had different currencies which caused trade wars and a weak economy. There was only one body of government which was the legislative. So nothing could oppose that body. Congress couldn't tax so they were in so much debt. No national courts or executive branch. Fear of foreign invasion. The economy was so poor and the national government wasn't allowed to draft an army or navy. Also there was 1/3 minority rule which was hard to pass a bill National Government under articles Could coin money, direct the post office, negotiate with foreign powers, including Native American tribes but couldn't force states to go into negotiations like treaties 1786 Shays Rebellion ; uprising of Massachusetts farmers because politicians in Boston were being like former British masters(imposing unfair property and polling taxes) and farmers were losing their farms and put in debtor prison. Showed the need for a Constitution and strong national government Hamilton, John Jay, Madison Favored constitution and write the Federalist Papers Federalist Papers(1788) Layed common defense for necessity of a strong federal government; urged ratification of Constitution The Virginia Plan vs The New Jersey Plan Called for a bicameral legislature in which representation will be based on population vs each state has 1 representative Connecticut Compromise The legislative branch equals bicameral, with Senate and House of Reps and 3;branches Bill of Rights Antifederalists advocated Thomas Jefferson Antifederalist who like states rights "Necessary and proper" clause Says Congress/ the govt can make laws if they are necessary and proper; Constitution is flexible Hamilton's Financial Plan Assumption of state debts, funding at par, mild protective tariff, National Bank(debate over federal power) tax on Whiskey(excise tax). BE FAT: Bank,excise, funding, assumption, tariff Treaty of Paris 1783 Ended revolutionary war; US secured all land east of Mississippi except Canada and Florida; Natives ignored(still armed by English to stop westward expansion); US settlers faced obstacles moving into Ohio Country Alien and Seditions Acts President can deport aliens who are suspected of having "treasonable or secret leanings"; lengthened period for getting citizenship to 14 years The XYZ Affair Adams response to French Revolution; sent commissioners but were ignored and asked for a bribe

In what ways did ideas and values held by the Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660's?

Although the Puritans held very exclusive and strict values, they greatly influenced the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s by Creating a model representative government, (outline already done)

Analyze the causes of growing opposition to slavery in the United States from 1776 to 1852. In your response, consider both underlying forces and specific events that contributed to the growing opposition.

Analyze the causes of growing opposition to slavery in the US from 1776 to 1852. In your response, consider both underlying forces and specific events that contributed to the growing oppositions. The growing opposition to slavery in the US from 1776-1852 was caused by the addition of new territory, the prevalence of social reform, and the spread of anti-slavery literature._ Contextualization? - Slavery once accepted as fact; backbone of the country - Opposition to this "peculiar institution" became to grow - Abolitionist movement: push for emancipation of all slaves and end of racial discrimination and segregation - Quakers: one of earliest opponents of slavery - Soon, new movements, societies, political parties, etc against slavery - Ultimately led to division between South and North, then civil war What 3 factors caused the growing opposition to slavery? Addition of new territory, Prevalence of social reform, Anti-Slavery Literature. Addition of New Territory Everytime new territory was added, there were debates about whether it would be admitted as a free or slave state. This increased tensions between the North and South 4 Specific events (addition of new territory) - Northwest Land Ordinance: defined the process by which new states would be admitted into Union from Northwest Territory and forbade slavery there - Missouri Compromise: Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state. The compromise allowed that to happen and Maine to join as a free state so the balance would be kept. - Compromise of 1850: CA entered as a free state. Fugitive slave law enacted (which North disliked). -Wilmot Proviso 1846: ban slavery in newly acquired land from Mexico Prevalence of Social Reform - (caused by) Second Great Awakening: Stressed the importance to end sinful practices and for each person to be moral before second coming of Christ. - Inspired many reform movements like abolitionment, temperance, women's rights, utopian societies - Inspired many in North to want to ban slavery - Declaration of Independence stated: All men are created equal Specific events (prevalence of social reform) - American Colonization Society (1817): transport free blacks back to africa instead of emancipation in the US - American Anti-Slavery Society: An abolitionist society founded by Garrison and Tappan. - William Wells Brown was a free slave that spoke in their meetings. They published The Liberator from 1840-1870 talking about antislavery - Underground Railroad - Stono Rebellion: SC slaves runaway to Florida - Nat Turner: Virginia revolt killed 60 people, only revolt where Southern whites killed, mainly wives and children Spread of Anti-Slavery Literature (4 events) - Uncle Tom's Cabin: brought up issue of families being broken up by Harriet Beecher Stowe - Frederick Douglass: A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery. - The Liberator: The first anti-slavery newspaper was created by Garrison, in Boston. With this newspaper he was able to openly express his beliefs, but this was one of the first movements to the civil war - Publications revealed the institution's cruelties to mass audiences (mostly in North) which propelled anti-slavery sentiment Synthesis - Encomienda system: Indians were given to colonists to use for labor in exchange for "protection" (Native Americans were treated cruelly and forced into hard labor) - A Spanish missionary, who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans, advocated for the rights of Native Americans to King Charles - Pueblo uprising: aimed to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land, which had been stripped away by Spanish conquistadors. - In the end: In 1542, Charles V of Spain finally listened and passed the so-called "New Laws." ...Natives were to be considered free, and the owners of the encomiendas could no longer demand free labor or services from them. ...The laws were extremely unpopular and directly led to a civil war in Peru.

Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers' responses to these changes.

Context: Civil war over, rise of heavy industry and more tech, gilded age, laissez faire Technology, government policy and economic conditions changed American agriculture by allowing for mass production-Tractor→ Commercial farming-Crop surplus→ panics of 1873+93 and advantaging companies over farmers,-Wheat elevators owned by company's→ farmers in debt-RR free passes-pools/trusts-Laissez-faire leading to farmers formation of groups to promote their interests.-Populist party-Omaha Platform (Bimetallism, gov't control of RR, direct election of senators)-Farmers Alliances-Grange movement

From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.

During the period between 1775 and 1800, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period, the institution of slavery expanded. The changes took place in different locations in the United States of America. The Northern states opposed slavery while the Southern states still enforced slavery. Many African American slaves managed to escape from the South to the North where they were freed from slavery. The freed African-American slaves spent their time working towards helping the slaves in the Southern states escape towards the North. The slaves in the South were forced to work on the tobacco and cotton plantations. They bided their time until they were able to escape.

What were the Cold War fears of the American people in the aftermath of the Second World War? How successfully did the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower address these fears?

Fears: American economy, attack, and spread of communism. McCarthyism (campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy). HUAC, which would take note of individuals thought to be taking part in un-American activities. Missiles. Outside evidence: Harry S. Truman The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Truman Doctrine President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. National Security Act Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. "massive retaliation" The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. The Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities Army-McCarthy hearings a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. U-2 incident The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. flexible response Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms. The blacklist involved the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be or to have been Communists or sympathizers. Not just actors, but screenwriters, directors, musicians, and other American entertainment professionals were barred from work by the studios. "massive retaliation" The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. Eisenhower said: "Let us forever hew sharply to the fundamental American principle that every man is innocent until he is proved guilty. To do less is dangerous to our freedom at home and to our world position of leadership. He overhauled the executive branch's security system

In the post-Civil War United States, corporations grew significantly in number, size, and influence. Analyze the impact of big business on the economy and politics and the responses of Americans to these changes. Confine your answer to the period 1870 to 1900.

Grantism Any political corruption and greed in government. During Grant's presidency, many of his associates took part in price skimming and tax evasion Panic of 1873 A financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries Waving the Bloody Shirt A term of ridicule used in the 1880s and 1890s to refer to politicians- especially Republicans- who, according to crisis, whipped up old animosities from the Civil War era that ought to be set aside Populism A doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions (such as hopes and fears) of the general population, especially when contrasting any new collective consciousness push against the prevailing status-quo interests of any predominant political sector William Jennings Bryan American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's candidate for President of the United States Compromise of 1877 A purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Cause of end of Reconstruction With the compromise, the Republicans had quietly given up their fight for racial equality and blacks' rights in the south. In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed Patronage The power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges;this was an issue during the Gilded Age. Often considered corrupt, ex: Tweed(Partially) solved via the Pendleton Act in 1883 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal" New South Supported building a more diversified Southern economy; championed the expansion of Southern industry; supported return of White conservatives to power; withdrawal of federal troops and rise of KKK and lynching Sharecropping Many freedmen entered arrangements with their former masters; led to cycle of debt and depression for tenant farmers, didn't receive 40 acres and mule 15th Amendment 1870-The right of citizens of the U.S.to vote should not be denied by the U.S. or any State based on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude-The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation Xenophobia A general fear or dislike of foreigners; popular among the older generations during the 1880s and 1890s due to the rapid immigration rates. Nativism Movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers Civil Service A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service Sherman Anti-Trust Act Tried to control monopolies, but it was used to curb labor unions through loopholes-forbade combinations in restraint of tradeLaw ineffective Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business. Populist formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy. Bland - Allison Act 1878 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law. William Tweed head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. Frederick Jackson Turner American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. Ellis Island main immigration processing station on the east coast and located in the NY harbor

In the early nineteenth century, Americans sought to resolve their political disputes through compromise, yet by 1860 this no longer seemed possible. Analyze the reasons for this change. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1820-1860 in constructing your response.

In the 1860's, Americans reached a point where compromise between the North and South was no longer possible, because there was little incentive or need for compromise, each compromise made failed to secure the desires of the other side, and the rest of the world was starting to abolish slavery. Historical context: antebellum era The failure of several political compromises led the public to believe that compromise would no longer solve problems. 1. Missouri compromise (overruled by popular soviergnty) - "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. 2. Compromise of 1850 - (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas 3. - Kansas Nebraska act - 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Compromise of 1820 - an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states Compromise of 1850 - abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia Fugitive Slave Act - law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them Popular Sovereignty - concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or not Free Free Soilers - did not want slavery to spread to the west-but not in favor of abolition Abolitionists - Hinton Helper, Beecher Stowe, Tubman, Dwight Weld, William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass John Brown - Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry Harper's Ferry - John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged Secession - withdrawal from the Union Dred Scott - United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state Harriet Tubman - African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and, during the American Civil War, a Union spy Harriet Beecher Stowe - American abolitionist and author (wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin) Underground Railroad - network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved people of African descent to escape to free states Kansas Nebraska Act - supported the idea of popular sovereignty in which the people of the territory vote on the slavery issue instead of leaving it up to congress Frederick Douglass - African American, outspoken critic of slavery

In what ways did the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson respond to the political, economic, and social problems of the United States? Assess the effectiveness of these responses. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1960-1970 to construct your response.

Lyndon B. Johnson - signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. Warren Commission - the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy in order to investigate his predecessor's death. The commission was led by Chief Justice Warren, a former governor of California who was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1953. War on Poverty - the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. Barry Goldwater - an American politician and businessman who was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 election. Great society - a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs. medicare - the federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD). medicaid - a health care program that assists low-income families or individuals in paying for long-term medical and custodial care costs. Medicaid is a joint program, funded primarily by the federal government and run at the state level, where coverage may vary. Immigration and Nationality act - 1952 (Pub.L. 82-414, 66 Stat. 163, enacted June 27, 1952), also known as the McCarran-Walter Act, restricted immigration into the U.S. and is codified under Title 8 of the United States Code (8 U.S.C. ch. 12). Housing and Urban development - a U.S. government agency created in 1965 to support community development and home ownership. Elementary and Secondary Education act - passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress. Office of economic opportunity - the agency responsible for administering most of the War on Poverty programs created as part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society legislative agenda. VISTA - a pleasing view, especially one seen through a long, narrow opening. Head start - a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. Job corps - a program administered by the United States Department of Labor that offers free-of-charge education and vocational training to young men and women ages 16 to 24.

The issue of territorial expansion sparked considerable debate in the period 1800-1855. Analyze this debate and evaluate the influence of both supporters and opponents of territorial expansion in shaping federal government policy. Use the documents and your knowledge of the years 1800-1855 in your answer.

Manifest destiny - The 19 century believe that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific ocean and Mexican and Native American territory. Americans felt a sense of mission and believe God had manifest destiny to them just brother uplifting democratic institutions over at least the entire continent and possibly over South America The trail of tears - Jackson decided to remove the remaining Easton tribes beyond the Mississippi. He believe that they could preserve their native cultures in the wide open west. This policy led to forced relocation of more than 100,000 Indians from Georgia and Florida to the Indian territory in present-day Oklahoma. This was called the Indian removal act of 1830. Mexican American war - In 1845 President Polk send strong sends all to Mexico City as minister he was instructed to offer 25 million for California and the Mexican government an alarm to present his insulting proposition you wanted to declare war on Mexico and waited till they fired first. on April 25, 1846 Mexican troops across the Rio Grande and attacked Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848 treaty between Mexico and US that confirmed the American title to Texas and the mountainous area stretching westward to Oregon, the ocean and California. The U.S. agreed to pay 50 million for the territories of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado Wilmont Proviso - David Wilmot from Pennsylvania fearful of a sudden "salvocracy"he introduced an amendment that stipulated that slavery should never exist in any of the territory taken from Mexico;it passed in the house but not the Senate Popular sovereignty - The doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of a territory under the general principles of the Constitution to determine themselves the status of slavery many agreed because it was democratic Compromise of 1850 - California was admitted as a free state, the territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery on the bases of popular sovereignty and a new fugitive slave law also called "the blood house bill" was passed. runaway slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial. Ostend manifesto - Secret plans by the pierce administration to give 120 million to Spain for Cuba in the 1850s. The plan leaked out, northerners were outraged and dropped the plan. The new Republican Party - A new Republican Party sprang up in the midwest, notably in Wisconsin and Michigan, as a mighty moral protest against the gains of slavery. This wanted slavery to stop expanding in the USA Transcontinental railroad (economic) - The Union Pacific R.R and that Central Pacific R.R finally met in Utah in 1869. eating took It brought the West Coast more firmly to the union and facilitated trade with Asia Union Pacific Railroad - Was commissioned by Congress to start a rail way from Omaha Nebraska the laying of rails began after the Civil War ended Central Pacific Railroad - This line was at the California and pushed eastward from Sacramento, over into Sierra, Nevada

To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800.

Rise of anti-slavery movement -New England Quakers (1770)- prohibition of slavery (first to do this)-Anthony Benezet- early opponent of slavery-1775- first anti-slavery society in Philadelphia-New York and Philadelphia Quakers (1776)- prohibited slavery (Gradual) abolition of slavery in northern states -Vermont, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut (1777-1784); New York- 1799; New Jersey- 1804; New Hampshire- never freed slaves, but none remained after 1810-No states north of Mason-Dixon line (southern border- PA) had slavery after 1810 Improved status for slaves -Continental Congress called for abolition of slave trade (1774)-All states but North Carolina allowed master to free/manumit slaves (illegal- pre-Rev.) Improved social conditions for free blacks -Second-class citizenship-Founding of religious communities-Improvement in civil rights (by some states)-African-American culture-> Phyllis Wheatley: first African-American published poet (slave while she wrote her poetry) Consequence of Religion- expansion of disestablishment (post-war) -Weakening of Anglican Church-Weakening of Quakers-Catholics strengthened Weakening of Anglican Church -Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)- author: Thomas Jefferson and legislative guide: James Madison-> disestablishment Virginia's Anglican Church-> influenced spread of disestablishment into other states Consequence of wealth (post-war) -Little change in distribution of wealth (except Loyalists)-> little change in economic classes Consequence of women (post-war) -Political position: little change-Social position-some improvement-"Republican motherhood" and its effects on education for women-Women began to question political and social status: became subject of debate Political position of women -1776- New Jersey gave women the vote; repealed 1807-Women "naturally dependent" still belief of most Americans "Republican Motherhood" and its effect on education for women -Belief mothers were responsible for raising informed and self-reliant citizens led to belief that women needed more education to be "republican mothers"-> expansion of female liberty Women began to question political and social status: became subject of debate (post-war) -Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush supported women's rights-Rise of female intelligentsia/intellectuals Rise of female intelligentsia/intellectuals -Judith Sargent Murray: women have equal intellectual ability and deserve equal education-Mary Wollstonecraft: influential English radical who passionately defended female morale equality- published "Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792)-Mercy Otis Warren: wrote a history of the American Revolution War of the American Revolution weakened American Indian position -Increased demand for American Indian land-Increased animosity from Americans (support for British by some tribes led to stereotyping all tribes)-Rise of paternalistic attitude towards Indians-> "noble savages": Indians uncivilized, but redeemable (if they adapt to white/European norms)- Jefferson Changes in land system-> reduction of privilege and more economic opportunity (post-war) -British restrictions on western movement eliminated: no Proclamation of 1763 Expansion of suffrage/vote (post-war) -Lessening/loosening of property qualifications to vote-Not total/complete electoral democracy British subjects-> US citizens: creation of "equality of interaction" (post-war) -More social equality between aristocrats/gentry/elite and common people Summation (post-war) -American Revolution did not eliminate class distinctions, racial injustice, and gender subordination yet is set in motion significant changes in the direction of great equality that would be more full realized in the future-It contributed to elimination of northern slavery, established churches, and indentured servitude Intellectual-philisophical effects (post-war) -Growing belief in "all men are created equal" Culture effects (post-war) -Creation of Noah Webster's dictionary-> American English Economics effects (post-war) -Expansion of trade and entrepreneurship-(Gradual) elimination of northern slavery-Alexander Hamilton's financial and economic program (long-term) Foreign policy effects (post-war) -Weak nation (in relation with other nations)-Weakened position for American Indians Society effects (post-war) -Expansion of disestablishment-Expansion of education for women ("Republican Motherhood")-(Gradual) elimination of northern slavery Politics effects (post-war) -Creation of the USA-Demise of colonial government and creation of new state governments-Creation of the Articles of Confederation (central) government (short-term)-Creation of the Constitution (central government) in the 1780's (long-term)

"Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals." Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to the years 1825-1850.

Social reform movements from 1825-1855 such as women's rights, abolition and transcendentalism led to an expansion of democratic ideals because they emphasized equality and an incorporation of previously unrepresented groups of people into society. or Social reform movements from 1825-1855 such as temperance, abolition and transcendentalism led to an expansion of democratic ideals by emphasizing individualism, racial and gender equality, and morality. or While some social reform movements between 1825-1855 such as women's rights, abolition, and institutional reform expanded democratic ideals by pushing for legislative change at state and national levels, other reform movements had less of an immediate impact because their supporters chose to disconnect from American society at large instead of trying to reform it from within. ----- Slavery - Due to the Second Great Awakening, people began demanding equality for different races in America. Social and political changes were made between the years of 1825 and 1850. Documents: C • Social o The Liberator/William Lloyd Garrison o Nat Turner's Rebellion • Political o Wilmot Proviso (1846) o Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo (1848) o Compromise of 1850 Women's Suffrage - Because of the demand for equality amongst the races, women began to demand equality between genders and the right to vote. Documents: I • Social o Elizabeth Cady Stanton o Lucretia Mott o Susan B. Anthony o Seneca Falls Convention o Declaration of Sentiments Asylum and Penitentiary - A growing number of people began demanding better care for those with mental illness and for changes in the penitentiary system. This was a new reform movement, unlike women's suffrage and abolition, which both had roots that were as deep as those of the country's, and was unique because of the unusually undemocratic responses that society and its people reacted with. • Dorothea Dix o Advocated for the rights of individuals with mental illnesses o Traveled down the Eastern seaboard in order to help create laws in many of the states to transform the asylum system. • Penitentiary and Asylum reforms o Eastern Lunatic Asylum/ Dr. John Galt o Francis Lieber and Samuel Gridley Howe

Analyze the ways in which the Vietnam War heightened social, political, and economic tensions in the United States. Focus your answer on the period 1964 to 1975.

Social tensions - Committee to re-elect the president, Equal Rights Amendment, Kent State University, My Lai Massacre Political tensions - Nixon Doctrine, vietnamization, Tet Offensive Economic - Medicare, medicaid, OPEC, stagflation, war on poverty Committee to re-elect the president - Nixon hired people to get him re-elected. Committee tried to wire tap the Democratic offices in Watergate. Led to Watergate incident Medicare - A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older medicaid - the government insurance program for low-income individuals & familys that is funded both by the federal government & each individual state Equal Rights Amendment - Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender. Kent State University - An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four My Lai Massacre - 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. Nixon Doctrine - During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. vietnamization - President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces Tet offensive - 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. stagflation - a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) War on poverty - President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the "Era of Good Feelings." Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1815-1825 to construct your answer.

The Era of Good Feelings was in some ways ironic as cracks in the union began to show through the rise of sectionalism and nationalism as seen through evidence of protective tariffs, the question of slavery and classification of society based upon gender and race. "Era of Good Feelings" Years following the War of 1812 that had a rising spirit of nationalism. There was an expansion of the economy, growth of white settlement and trade in the west, and the creation of new states. Also characterized by the lack of political battles between political parties. Term came about during Monroe's goodwill tour through New England (former Federalist stronghold) where he was received very well. The "Virginia Dynasty" 24 years, 6 terms, and 3 presidents in a row all from Virginia. Jefferson was succeeded by his secretary of state, Madison, who was succeeded by his secretary of state, James Monroe. Many Northerners expressed impatience with this, but the Republicans still easily elected their candidates. James Monroe Fifth president, VA native, had served as a soldier in the Revolution, as a diplomat, and as a cabinet officer. His party faced no serious opposition when he went into office. Wanted to end partisan division and factional disputes, appointed a balanced variety of people to office (Federalists and Republicans, Northerners and Southerners, Easterners and Westerners). John Quincy Adams (JQA) New Englander and former Federalist that Monroe chose for Secretary of State, thus it was thought that he would end the VA Dynasty. Diplomat and nationalist who felt his most important task to be the promotion of American expansion. Also son of John Adams and responsible, in part, for the acquisition of Florida. Henry Clay Speaker of the House. Declined Monroe's offer to be Secretary of War, former prominent war hawk (War of 1812). John C. Calhoun Monroe's second choice for Secretary of War. Gave orders to Jackson that led to the Seminole War. Andrew Jackson Former hero of the Battle of New Orleans, Jackson was now the commander of American troops along the Florida border. He was given orders by Calhoun that told him to stop Indian raids across the Florida border and could be interpreted (broadly) to mean to invade Florida. Jackson invaded Florida, in a military operation that came to be known as the Seminole War. The Seminole War Jackson invaded Florida, seized two Spanish forts, and ordered the hanging of two British citizens who allegedly supplied and incited the Seminole Indians (hence the name) to raid on American lands. JQA urged the government to take responsibility for Jackson's actions even though he was not explicitly ordered to invade Florida. The government listened to JQA's advice, taking responsibility for Jackson's actions. Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 A result of the Seminole War, after Spain realized that America could take Florida by force, all of Florida was ceded to America by Spain and Spain gave up all of its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. America gave up claims to Texas. Panic of 1819 High economic demand for American farm goods (result of Napoleonic Wars disrupting European agriculture) stimulated a land boom in the western United States, and land prices soared, fueled by speculative interest. Credit was very easy to get from state banks (even the national bank for a period of time). In 1819, the banks started to calling in loans, tightening credit, and foreclosing mortgages which led to some of the state banks failing. This led to a panic that many (especially in the West) blamed on the national bank. Hudson River School school of art in the early 1800s that glorified American landscapes, and emphasized realization and preservation of nature as a source of wisdom and fulfillment; hosted several famous painters such as T. Cole and A. Durand nationalism - an overwhelming sense of pride in one's country, usually accompanied by a feeling of superiority over other countries Davy Crockett - America's first pop culture icon who possessed legendary hunting and fighting skills Noah Webster - published the first American English dictionary separate from that of England, designed to promote patriotism McGuffey Readers - a series widely used textbooks in American schools from 1830s-1960s that taught reading & grammar and promoted patriotism Knickerbocker Group - three men, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant, who were American pioneers in literature that stressed American over European themes in writing Washington Irving - American author who wrote "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip van Winkle", member of the Knickerbocker Group James Fenimore Cooper - American author who wrote "Last of the Mohicans," which dramatized conflict between British and Amerindians during the F/I War, member of the Knickerbocker Group William Cullen Bryant - American romantic poet who focused on nature as a metaphor for truth, member of the Knickerbocker group Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - American romantic poet who wrote "Paul Revere's Ride" Ralph Waldo Emerson - greatest transcendentalist that developed the "oversoul" idea, and advocated self-reliance, self-improvement, optimism, freedom, and championed American individualism Henry David Thoreau - American transcendentalist who followed Emerson, most famous book 'Of Life in the Woods' described the relationship between self and nature; essay "Civil Disobedience" encouraged Gandhi and MLKs views about nonviolent resistance Walt Whitman - American poet who celebrated the greatness of America John Trumbull - American painter who glorified America's past through massive historical scenes Hudson River School - school of art in the early 1800s that glorified American landscapes, and emphasized realization and preservation of nature as a source of wisdom and fulfillment; hosted several famous painters such as T. Cole and A. Durand Thomas Cole - American artist regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School Asher Durand - American painter, member of the Hudson River School "American System" - economic plan proposed by Henry Clay during the early 1800s based on the ideas of Hamilton; composed of a 2nd bank of the U.S., a protective tariff, and internal improvements 2nd National Bank - the second federally authorized Hamiltonian bank that existed from 1816 to 1836, where it was killed by Andrew Jackson, part of Clay's "American System" Tariff of 1816 - the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition, part of Clay's "American System" internal improvements - proposed bill that would have given money to states to fund construction of roads and canals, but failed - states' rights issue; part of Clay's "American System" "Era of Good Feelings" - a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System. Panic of 1819 - the first major peacetime financial crisis in the U.S. followed that persisted through 1821. Displayed the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe toward a industrial, laissez-faire based economy. Cause: overspeculation of land, Result: calls for reform and pressure for increased democracy Tallmadge Amendment - proposed amendment requesting the territory of Missouri to become a state - promoting eventual emancipation (Jefferson: "like a firebell in the night") - marked the beginning of slavery/sectional tensions in the U.S. leading up to the civil war Missouri Compromise of 1820 - a compromise negotiated by Clay where Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a Free state, and the 36 30 line would dictate the limits of slavery John Marshall - one of the most important Supreme Court justices who strengthened the Supreme Court by establishing judicial review and increased power of the federal government over the states judicial nationalism - the idea of deciding cases for the sake of the national government, rather than that of the states McCullough v. Maryland - (1819) Bank of the U.S. declared constitutional via Hamilton's doctrine of implied powers - boost to loose constructionism, blow to states' rights Dartmouth v. Woodward - (1819) states cannot invalidate public charters (contracts) - safeguarded business from state domination, set precedent for corporations being able to escape government control Cohens v. Virginia - (1821) Supreme court had the power to review decisions of the state supreme courts in issues involving powers of the national government - blow to states' rights Gibbons v. Odgen - (1824) Only Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce Daniel Webster - American Federalist politician who argued federalist and nationalistic ideas before Marshall's court - important in influencing Marshall's decisions (challenged states' rights) Rush-Bagot Treaty - (1817) between U.S. and Canada, significantly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes Convention of 1818 - (1818) John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty with England that fixed the American/Canadian border at the 49th parallel & 10 yr. joint occupation of Oregon Territory Adams-Onis Treaty - (1819) treaty between U.S. and Spain that gave Florida to the U.S. and settled the border dispute between U.S. and Mexico Monroe Doctrine - (1823) J.Q. Adams' message to foreign nations concerning American foreign policy: Imperial powers could keep existing colonies in the Western hemisphere, but couldn't gain any new ones - the new republics should be able to govern themselves transcendentalism - an idealistic philosophical movement influenced by romanticism in Europe that emerged in New England in the 1830s that believed that truth "transcends" the senses, that every person has an inner light that can illuminate truth, and stressed individualism Fletcher v. Peck - (1810) Constitution forbids states from "impairing" contracts - protection of property rights against popular pressures Martin v. Hunter's Lessee - (1816) upheld Supremacy Clause of the Constitution and federal judicial supremacy over the states causes of heightened nationalism after War of 1812 - 1. victories in the war, including New Orleans 2. death of Federalist party (temporarily reduced sectionalism) 3. decline of economic dependence on Europe 4. westward expansion 5. began to see themselves as Americans examples of nationalism in Literature - 1. Noah Webster 2. William H. McGuffey 3. Knickerbocker Group 4. Henry W. Longfellow 5. Transcendentalism (Thoreau, Emerson) examples of nationalism in the arts - 1. Thomas Jefferson (Monticello) 2. John Trumbull 3. Hudson River School (Thomas Cole, Asher Durand) sides of the sectional battle over the Tariff of 1816 (part of Clay's "American System") - 1. John C. Calhoun: south, war-hawk and nationalist - opposed tariff b/c enriched NE manufacturing @ south's expense 2. Daniel Webster: north, opposed tariff b/c it would damage not-completely-industrialized northern economy 3. Henry Clay: saw tariff as a way to develop domestic market - eastern trade would flourish, profits would fund western roads/canals issues dividing the nation during the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) - 1. emerging sectionalism (east, west, south) 2. tariff issue (east & south opposed, west in favor) 3. internal improvements (east & south opposed, west in favor) 4. Bank of U.S. (west & south opposed, east in favor) 5. sale of public lands (east opposed, west & south in favor) 6. panic of 1819 caused hostility from west to eastern bankers 7. issue of slavery in Missouri (resolved by MO Compromise) 8. factions beginning to develop in Republican party after demise of Federalists - led to emergence of the Whig party events that occurred during Monroe's presidency - 1. Panic of 1819 2. Missouri Compromise Causes of the Panic of 1819 - 1. overspeculation of frontier lands 2. inflation from war of 1812 3. trade deficit w/Britain 4. BUS forced western banks to foreclose on western farmers Results of the Panic of 1819 - 1. calls for reform and pressure for increased democracy 2. western farmers began to hate the BUS 3. smaller parcels of land being sold 4. widespread sentiment to end debtor's prisons reasons for westward expansion - 1. had been significant since colonial era 2. cheap land in Ohio attracted immigrants 3. land exhaustion in tobacco states 4. speculators accepted smaller down payments 5. economic depression 6. defeat of Amerindians on the frontier 7. transportation revolution improved land routes

For the years 1880 to 1925, analyze both the tensions surrounding the issue of immigration and the United States government's response to these tensions. Use the following documents and your knowledge of the period from 1880 to 1925 to construct your answer.

Thesis: From 1880 to 1925, the issue of immigration was intensified by the concept of nativism in which the government responded through enacting anti immigration laws and racial bias. Hate groups- KKK,Nativist groups>Anti-immigration quotas>Bad laws- Sacco and Vanzetti During the late 19th century and early 20th century, growing tensions between immigrants and US citizens spawn mainly from the workforce, leading the US government to pass a number of acts that favored the Americans over the immigrantsRise of NativismImmigration Quota Act 1924Chinese ExclusionGeary Act

Discuss the changing ideals of American womanhood between the American Revolution (1770s) and the outbreak of the Civil War. What factors fostered the emergence of "republican motherhood" and the "cult of domesticity?" Assess the extent to which these ideals influenced the lives of women during this period. In your answer be sure to consider issues of race and class.

The main factor that changed the lives of women during this period in the US in terms of their roles in the family was Industrialization, which brought smaller working tasks such as sowing out of the house and into the factories--leaving the women more time to focus on domestic tasks and child-rearing. Domestic - The Cult of Domesticity/Cult of True Womanhood was the idea that the only "true" woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family. Catherine Beecher's American Woman's Home and A Treatise of Domestic Economy explains that middle class, true women have a special role with equally important role of men Economic - Married Women's Property Act: women's right to retain wages earned after marriage and from inheritance Lowell "mill girls": example of increasing number of working class women in industrial production Professionalization of occupations actually decreased roles of women, i.e. midwifery role replaced by men who had access to education and licensing regulations Increasing divisions between economic status of middle class and working class women Teaching becomes a woman's profession; women writers find publishing outlets Harriet Beecher Stowe recognized as an accomplished writer for her thought-provoking book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which forged abolitionist sympathizers in the North Political - No change in women's suffrage BUT the NJ constitution did not differentiate which gender could or could not vote for a short period of time. Political role of women restricted to influencing men as Republican Mother suggests As more men were able to vote, the status of women decreased Seneca Falls: Political advocation roles for the advancement of women/ suffrage begins with Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 which demanded for equal right to vote for women nationally Leaders in women's suffrage movement: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony joined women's right movement Social - Active in reform movements and women's public changed as a result (anti-slavery, abolition movements). Public roles for African American women. Academies established for women's education established after 1790 providing secondary education Important people: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Abigail Kelley, Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Fannie Fern, Sarah Bagley, Grimke Sisters, Dorothea Dix.

Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon's administration responded to them.

The primary domestic and international challenges faced by the Us during this time was the Cold War, and Nixon's response was one of paranoia and fear. He was not well-liked, especially after he admitted to wire-tapping and resigned. Vietnamization President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. Nixon Doctrine During the Vietnam War, this document was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. Silent majority A label nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960's and early 1970's. My Lai Massacre The Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968, by United States Army soldiers. Victims included women, men, children, and infants. Kent State University The location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment. Pentagon Papers Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam. Detente Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China. Philadelphia Plan Nixon's strategy requiring construction trade unions to establish goals and timetables for the hiring of black apprentices. EPA An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. Earth Day A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970. Southern strategy Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party. War Powers Act Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power. Watergate The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment. "smoking gun" tape A blank tape where Nixon had erased all evidence. This is the only evidence that links him to the Watergate crimes. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) A constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender. Roe v. Wade The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. Malaise speech The speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people. SALT II (Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. It set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. However, it was not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. Iranian hostage crisis In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. This weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president. Henry Kissinger Secretary of State, supported realpolitik, appointed by Nixon as his national Secretary advisor, engaged shuttle diplomacy. Warren E. Burger The Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade. Rachel Carson She was one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT) and also wrote, "Silent Spring." George McGovern A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon. Gerald Ford The first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which Ford evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. John Dean III He was a former white house lawyer that testified about the involvement of the top levels of the White House. He talked of the president, the Watergate cover-up and accused the president of violating justice. His claims were later supported by Nixon's tape recordings. Jimmy Carter The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election. Leonid Brezhnev He seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. And he Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Explain the causes of the women's rights movement from 1940-1975

The women's rights movement from 1940-1975 was caused politically by unfair treatment towards females, economically by financial discrimination towards females, and socially by the defiance of the traditional image of an American woman." The main reason for a rise of the women's rights movement, according to activists such as Friedan, was discontent with suburban conformity. This may have been true for white women, but a woman of color such as Mirta Vidal (Document 5) portrayed the rise of the women's rights movement as due to a combination of the rising movement for Chicano civil rights and a growing resistance to male chauvinism within the Chicano community." Argument developed The women's rights movement from 1940-1975 was caused politically by unfair treatment towards females, economically by financial discrimination towards females, and socially by the defiance of the traditional image of the American woman. During the 1960s, influenced and inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, women of all ages began to fight to secure a stronger role in American society. As members of groups like the National Organization for Women (NOW) asserted their rights and strove for equality for themselves and others, they upended many accepted norms and set groundbreaking social and legal changes in motion. Title VII is the section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of gender. 1955 The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), the first lesbian organization in the United States, is founded. Although DOB originated as a social group, it later developed into a political organization to win basic acceptance for lesbians in the United States 1961 President John Kennedy establishes the President's Commission on the Status of Women and appoints Eleanor Roosevelt as chairwoman. The report issued by the Commission in 1963 documents substantial discrimination against women in the workplace and makes specific recommendations for improvement, including fair hiring practices, paid maternity leave, and affordable child care. 1963 Betty Friedan publishes her highly influential book The Feminine Mystique, which describes the dissatisfaction felt by middle-class American housewives with the narrow role imposed on them by society. The book becomes a best-seller and galvanizes the modern women's rights movement. 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bars discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex. At the same time it establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties. 1965 In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court strikes down the one remaining state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples. 1966 The National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded by a group of feminists including Betty Friedan. The largest women's rights group in the U.S., NOW seeks to end sexual discrimination, especially in the workplace, by means of legislative lobbying, litigation, and public demonstrations. 1969 California becomes the first state to adopt a "no fault" divorce law, which allows couples to divorce by mutual consent. By 1985 every state has adopted a similar law. Laws are also passed regarding the equal division of common property. Mar. 22 The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Originally drafted by Alice Paul in 1923, the amendment reads: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." The amendment died in 1982 when it failed to achieve ratification by a minimum of 38 states.

Evaluate the relative importance of different causes for the expanding role of the United States in the world in the period from 1865 to 1910.

Thesis: While some historians may argue that the US desire to expand its role in the world was due to the fact that the US felt it was its duty to civilize nations and act as a global police, the most important reason for America expanding its role in the world can be attributed to its competition with Europe over global influence, its desire to expand its economy through trading opportunities, and the U.S. ideal of manifest destiny." Context: In the aftermath of the war, internationally the world was changing, Europe was slicing up Africa, many countries started fighting for their independence, and the fight for influence and money ensued between the most powerful nations. During the time periods of 1865-1900, the US sought to keep up with Europe and expand its sphere of influence in the world under the leadership of Roosevelt, McKinley and other presidents." Examples of context: The impact of the Civil War on the United States role in the world • International competition to establish colonies and maintain empires from 1865 to 1910 • Increasing United States industrialization and desire to develop new markets for goods • The closing of the frontier in 1890 Anti-Imperialist League; Peace Movement • Algeciras Conference, 1906 • Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 • Burlingame Treaty, 1868 • Chinese Exclusion Act • Gentleman's Agreement - Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908 • Dollar diplomacy • Annexation of Guam • Platt Amendment/ Teller Amendment • Annexation of Hawaii • Insular cases • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Mexican Revolution • Manifest Destiny • USS Maine; The Maine • Missionary work • Social Darwinism • Panama (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903) • Panama Canal • Russo-Japanese War; United States mediation (Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905) • Spanish-American War • Filipino Insurrection, Emilio Aguinaldo • Venezuela Crisis • "White Man's Burden" • William Seward (Seward's Folly, Seward's Icebox) • Yellow Journalism (William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer) • Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy; Big Stick diplomacy, jingoism • Treaty of Paris, 1899

Analyze the responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration to the problems of the Great Depression. How effective were the responses? How did they change the role of the federal government? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1929-1941 to construct your essay.

What - Great Depression & New Deal When - 1929-1939 Roosevelt's Success - Roosevelt New Deal Program - Executing crisis from the Policy - Relief, Recover, Reform - Stop Economic Fall (Stock Market & Redistribution Wealth) - Expand GOV power DOC A - Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, January 1932 Women = unemployment Poverty Invisible in Great Depression Homeless DOC B - DOC B : Letter to Senator Robert Wagner, March 7, 1934 - Fear of GOV --> Less intervene in business - Current Policy (socialism & Communism ) - Support Labor Demand - Oppose New Deal DOC C - Cartoon,The Evening Star(Washington D.C. April 26,1934 Change but not revolutionary change Natural progression Federal agencies in first 100 days & recovery program (NRA, TVA, etc.) Foundation for US build up DOC D - William Lloyd Garrison, Jr., "The Hand of Improvidence," The Nation, November 14, 1934 "retarded the recovery of industrial activity" "bureaucracy in Washington grew by leaps and bounds" FDR's response to the crisis in America Proved to be very beneficial to many Americans FDR's New Deal Impacted American ideals It instilled trust for FDR & his leadership which would be critical DOC E - Print and Photograph Division, Library of Congress, 1935 - Townsend & follow → Social security act - Giving pension to old-worker/ impact to benefit to citizen - Fail to help farmer/ Giving hope to US in their future by having capitalism system - Changing government role Social welfare = part of government responsibility Expand government power & influence DOC F - Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v. United States, 1935 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Important bill to New Deal Let Congress to regulate companies & fight Great Depression Let President write codes FDR: Live Poultry Code Violated by Schechter NIRA & LPC good for nation US $ out of GD Lower $ for chicken DOC G - NBC radio broadcast, Job.xi L. Lewis, December 13, 1936 Schechter v. United States Wagner Act Protect workers right but gov in charge of industrial act Imply social justice = gov agenda → provide citizen political right & economic security Congress get more power (National Labor Relation Board) DOC J - UNEMPLOYMENT OF NONFARM v~K,:) BY PERCENTAGE AND NUMBER WWII that truly solved the problem of depression and spurred America's recovery. Bank Holiday ( March 6, 1933) - restore confidence in failing banks Repeal of Prohibition (Beer Wine Act) - Legalized the sale of beer and wine, ratified the Twenty-first Amendment, repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, officially ending prohibition. Fireside Chats - A series of radio talks in which the president insured the trusting of banks. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - Guaranteed individual bank deposits of up to $5,000 The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) - Provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - Offered outright grants of federal money to states and local governments that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless The Public Works Administration (PWA) - Allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - A huge experiment in regional development and public planning, hiring thousands of people to help one of the nation's poorest regions. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - Encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) - hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) - Gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones.

How and for what reasons did the United States foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1920-1941 to construct your response

What steps in the 1920s were made to keep America isolationist and maintain peace? - The United States took steps to limit immigration. With the Emergency Quota Act, quotas were set so people only a certain amount of people could come in this country. With the Red Scare, the United States attempted to keep communism and socialism out of the country. We no longer were involved with foreign wars or affairs, as seen with us not approving the Treaty of Versailles or joining the League of Nations. How did America's foreign policy toward Latin America change in the 1920s and 1930s? - For decades, the United States has followed the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary in our foreign policy with Latin America. The United States did not want other countries involved in the Western Hemisphere, but was acceptable for the United States to get involved. Hoover and Roosevelt began to change their way of thinking with these policies. Roosevelt introduced the Good Neighbor Policy, which formally renounced U.S. armed intervention in the affairs of Latin America. The United State also began trade agreements with nations in Latin America. What choices were made during Roosevelt's administration to keep America out of war? - Roosevelt remained neutral between WWI and WWII. Stimson Doctrine (1932): United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions taken by force. We would also refrain from military action Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937, 1939): The United States would remain neutral during the beginning of the war. The United States would not trade arms with countries at war. Eventually, Roosevelt asked Congress to allow cash and carry sales of arms. Lend-Lease Act: President Roosevelt authorized the sale of surplus military equipment to the Allies. Though America was technically neutral, what choices showed that they truly were participating in the war? - The Lend-Lease Program was used primarily to help Great Britain and the Soviet Union resist Nazi Germany. What events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor? - The Japanese were dependent on shipments of oil, aviation gas, steel and scrap iron from the United States. In late 1940, Roosevelt imposed a series of embargoes against the Japan-bound supplies. In mid-1941, FDR froze Japanese assets in the United States and halted all shipments of gas. The Japanese attack occurred after diplomatic negotiations had reached a stalemate. How did government take more control of America's economy during the war? - Military spending revived the US economy. As American's prepared for war the unemployment rate plummeted. The United States was finally able to emerge from the Great Depression. The Office of Price Administration established a rationing system. The War Production Board converted factories to military production. The National War Labor Board settled labor disputes through mediation. The government also raised money through taxes and borrowing. In what ways was World War II a "total war" effort? - Most United States citizens did something to become involved in the war effort. Men volunteered to fight overseas. In order to keep the factories up and running, women and minority groups replaced men. Rosie the Riveter became the icon for women workers. People helped grow crops by planting victory gardens. Lastly, in order to raise funds, the government encouraged citizens to purchase war bonds.

Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the United States changed between 1815 and 1840, and analyze forces and events that led to these changes.

While participation in political campaigns and elections changed due to the Second Great Awakening and Jacksonian democracy, the political processes stayed the same. Old Northwest - Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. Old Southwest - a term used to refer to the area of the United States west of the Appalachians and south of the Ohio which were settled in the early nineteenth century, especially the states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas Five Civilized Tribes - collective name for the Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws and Seminoles Indian Removal Act - law passed in 1830 by Andrew Jackson that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River Trail of Tears - The tragic journey of the Cherokee people from their home land to indian territory (Oklahoma) between 1838 and 1839. Market Economy - Commercial Agriculture; , an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices Subsistence Agriculture - Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family Squatters - poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil Panic of 1819 - Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Transportation Revolution - improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West, canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade, railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals Gibbons v. Odgen - A case in which the Supreme Court adopted a broad definition of interstate commerce, including almost any form of commercial activity, allowing Congress to regulate a large portion of the economy under the commerce clause. (1824. Marshall) Erie Canal - an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; part of the Transportation Revolution Eli Whitney - an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged Waltham and Lowell Textile Mills - These mills turned out finished fabrics that required only one additional step, stitching into clothes. The workers were young unmarried women who had been lured from farms by the promise of wages. Outwork - The process of having some aspects of industrial work done outside factories in individual homes. Richard Allen - an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church African Methodist Episcopal Church - Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks Catharine Beecher - sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, encouraged women to enter the teaching profession b/c their "natural" role suited them to the care and nurturing of children. She combined the "cult of domesticity" with educational reform. Cult of Domesticity - the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house Republican Motherhood - it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young Separate Spheres - Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics Horizontal Allegiances - Allegiances that linked those in a similar position, not the subordinates with the authority figure. Vertical Allegiances - Where authority flows from the top down. Subordinates identify their interests with those of their superiors rather than with others in the same subordinate role. Voluntary Associations - organizations established to pursue common interests whose members volunteer and often even pay to participate

Analyze developments from 1941 to 1949 that increased suspicion and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1941-1949 to construct your response.

although America had tolerated communism in previous years, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States began to rise when America established their foreign-policy for the containment of communism, as a result from communist aggression in Asia and Europe How did the Potsdam Conference help bring about the Cold War? The conference increased the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was clear that Truman, with the atomic bomb in his pocket, was not willing to make concessions and the Soviets has to accept the deal regarding Germany's reparations. How did different economic systems cause tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union? The Soviets felt that their government could make better decisions. What were 4 events that led to the Cold War? 1) disagreement over Germany 2) Soviet refusal to honor Declaration of Liberated Europe 3) Soviet actions in Poland 4) Potsdam Conference How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism? The Truman Doctrine pledged U.S. military involvement to fight the spread of communism, and the Marshall Plan provided economic aid to strengthen resistance to communism What were 4 early conflicts between the USSR and the U.S? Crisis in Iran, Berlin crisis, Korean War, Crisis in Turkey What were 3 causes and effects of the Red Scare? 3 causes: Alger Hiss Trial, Rosenbergs, Russia's successful test of an atomic bomb.3 effects: Loyalty Review Program, HUAC, McCarran Act, McCarthyism, fallout shelters, blacklists, duck-and-cover, and so on. What were the causes of the Cold War? AMERICAN VIEW-Stalin didn't keep the agreements he had made with the Western Allies about holding free elections after the war in countries occupied by the Soviet Army.-This scared the West, who believed that Stalin would try to take over the world by force - Communist ideology clearly stated Communism would inevitably take over the entire world eventually, by force if necessary RUSSIAN VIEW-The Americans didn't tell Stalin about the Manhattan Project, the building of the A- bomb. After using A-bombs successfully against Japan, USA refused to share the technology with USSR.-This scared the Russians, who thought USA may start a new war, against them, using A-bombs.

Nullification crisis,

in U.S. history, confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.

Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level. In your answer be sure to analyze the successes and limitation of these efforts in the period 1900-1920.

muckrakers The term that Theodore Roosevelt coined that referred to the writers of popular, in-depth, investigative stories about corruption in business and government as well as the horrible conditions of slums. Magazines such as McClure's, Coller's, and Cosmopolitan always sought to outdo the others with their shocking expose stories. They began to decline after 1910 because it became hard to constantly outdo each previous story. Also, newspapers and magazines faces pressure from banks and advertisers to turn it down. Ida Tarbell A muckraker who exposed the oil monopoly with The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1902 and wrote a series in McClure's Magazine. Her articles set the standard for the many muckraking articles to come. initiative; referendum; recall Methods developed by Progressives in order to make the state governments more democratic:________ where voters could compel a legislature to consider a bill_______ allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots________ enabled voters to remove a corrupt politician while still in office by majority voteAnd the end of WWI, twenty states, most in the Western United States, had accepted the first two while 11 also offered the third. municipal reform Before the Progressive era, city municipalities such as water, transportation, and electricity were privately owned. The companies that controlled such were often corrupt. Thus, there was a movement to have the utilities owned by the government instead. Theodore Roosevelt; Square Deal Brought the Progressive Movement to a national level when he took over as president in 1901 because he thought it was the president's job to also set the legal agenda for Congress. His _________ represented his desire to treat both corporations and workers fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the strike and company leaders as equals, and he continued this policy when dealing with other such issues. anthracite coal miners' strike of 1902 When coal miners went on strike for a greater part of the year of ________, and people feared that without coal, they would freeze in the winter. President Theodore Roosevelt tried to mediate the dispute by calling the leaders of the United Mine Workers and the company to the White House, but was angry when the company leaders refused to compromise. The threatened to take over the mine with federal troops, and the owners finally agreed to a 10 percent wage increase and a nine-hour work day to the miners. The commission did not grant union recognition. This was the first example of Roosevelt's Square Deal policy. trust-busting The nickname given to Roosevelt as he broke up what he saw as "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled the competition. Roosevelt became the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. He broke up the railroad monopoly of the Northern Securities Company, owned by John Pierpont Morgan in 1904 with a Supreme Court decision backing Roosevelt's case. He also took antitrust action against Standard Oil and more than 40 other corporations. However, Roosevelt supported what he saw as "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated the market. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 This act forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 This act required that inspectors hired by the federal government must visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met standards of sanitation conservation Roosevelt was the first president to actively protect the nation's natural resources. For example:1. Used the Federal Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of land as a national reserve Federal Reserve Act of 1914 Set up the Federal Reserve System that established 12 district reserve banks and the creation of Federal Reserve notes to protect the U.S economy from future panic like the Panic of 1893. Wilson proposed this plan because he felt that the gold standard was too inflexible which was causing the banks to no longer serve the public interest. With the Federal Reserve System, Wilson hoped for stability and flexibility. Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Part of Wilson's New Freedom Program that strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 for breaking up monopolies. Unions were exempted from being prosecuted as trusts. Child Labor Act of 1916 Prohibited the shipment the interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years of age. However, the Supreme Court found this act unconstitutional in 1918 in Hammer v. Dagenhart. urban migration Referring to the time between 1910 and 1930 when a million African Americans traveled north to seek jobs in the cities. Nineteenth Amendment Ratified by Congress in 1920, this amendment guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels. Wilson originally did not support women's suffrage, but the dedication efforts of women on the homefront during WWI helped convince him. Muller v. Oregon People challenged an Oregon law that limited women to a 10-hour workday, but the Supreme Court upheld the law in 1908, which set the precedent of the Supreme Court using its power for social reform.

How and why did the goals of United States foreign policy change from the end of the First World War (1918) to the end of the Korean War (1953)?

shift from isolationism/independent internationalism to interventionism and containment due to international events and developments, domestic economic conditions, executive/congressional actions and perceptions, public opinion How did the Korean War shape American foreign policy in the 1950s? Thumbnail of the conflict: After World War II and the ejection of the Japanese, the United States and the Soviet Union created two occupation zones separated by the thirty-eighth parallel. North of the line became Communist North Korea, and south of the line, anti-Communist South Korea. In June 1950, North Koreans made significant military incursions into the South. The United States led a UN-sponsored effort to repel the attack.-Korea as a case study in containment: The war ended in an armistice and the restoration of the old boundary. Although Truman judged the war a success for containment, it had exposed Americans' frustrations with the policy. Many had supported General MacArthur's desire to push beyond restoring the integrity of South Korea's border to facilitate the unification of Korea and the elimination of Communist influence on the peninsula.-Expansion of military spending: Following the Korean War, the National Security Council warned that the security of the United States depended on an enormous expansion of the nation's capacity to act as a military world power. Their proposal to expand the military met with approval, and by 1953, 60 percent of the federal budget went to defense spending, and the armed forces had tripled in size. This military expansion confirmed commitment to containment and expanded the resources for pursuing such policy.-Ambiguous legacy for American involvement in Asia: Although some, including MacArthur's successor, General Matthew Ridgway, took away the lesson that the United States should never again pursue a land war in Asia, the conflict contributed to American involvement in Indochina. What was Joseph Stalin's primary goal after World War II? Ensure friendly governments on its borders with Eastern Europe What allowed the United States to emerge from World War II as the most powerful nation in the world? It had a monopoly on atomic weapons and expanded production capacity Why did Joseph Stalin feel that U.S. foreign policy after World War II was hypocritical? Americans were demanding democratic elections in Eastern Europe but supporting friendly dictatorships in Latin America The U.S. government's policy of containment was first implemented when President Truman asked Congress to send military and economic missions and $400 million in aid to ____________________. Greece and Turkey How did the European nations use most of the funds provided by the American Marshall Plan of 1948? To stimulate their economies and buy American products How did President Truman respond to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 and 1949? He order the airlifting of more than 2 million tons of goods to Western Berliners What was the purpose of the National Security Act of 1947? To place oversight of all branches of the military under the secretary of defense The peacetime military alliance created by the United States, Canada, and Western European countries to deter attacks from the Soviet Union was the _____________________________. North Atlantic Treaty Organization What was the purpose of the Employment Act of 1946? Formalize the U.S. government's responsibility for keeping the economy healthy How did the GI Bill help to boost the U.S. economy after World War II? With the provision of job training, education, and low-interest home loans What triggered the U.S. military action in Korea in 1950? The invasion of South Korea by troops from Communist North Korea Containment The post-World War II foreign policy strategy that committed the United States to resisting the influence and expansion of the Soviet Union and communism. The strategy of containment shaped American foreign policy throughout the Cold War. Truman Doctrine President Harry S. Truman's commitment to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures." First applied to Greece and Turkey in 1947, it became the justification for U.S. intervention into many countries during the Cold War. Marshall Plan Aid program begun in 1948 to help European economies recover from World War II. Between 1948 and 1953, the United States provided $13 billion to seventeen Western European nations in a project that helped its own economy as well. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance formed in1949 among the United States, Canada, and Western European nations to counter any possible Soviet threat. It represented an unprecedented commitment by the United States to go to war if any of its allies were attacked. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 to expand the government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti-Communist forces around the world. Taft-Hartley Act Law passed by the Republican-controlled Congress in 1947 that amended the Wagner Act and placed restrictions on organized labor that made it more difficult for unions to organize workers. Housing Act of 1949 Law authorizing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing. This landmark effort marked the first significant commitment of the federal government to meet the housing needs of the poor. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Congressional committee especially prominent during the early years of the Cold War that investigated Americans who might be disloyal to the government or might have associated with Communists or other radicals. It was one of the key institutions that promoted the second Red Scare. Korean War Conflict between North Korean forces supported by China and the Soviet Union and South Korean and U.S.-led United Nations forces over control of South Korea. Lasting from 1950 to 1953, the war represented the first time that the United States went to war to implement containment.