American Criminal Justice 101

What is the annual cost on average to provide round-the-clock health care to an elderly and ill inmate?

$65,000

How many federal judicial circuits are there?

13

The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade?

1970's

How many federal agencies were consolidated into the DHS?

22

Persons typically are confined in holding cells no longer than ________.

48 hours

Which amendment requires that evidence must be obtained by police with the use of a valid search warrant issued by a judge or searches may be based on probable cause?

4th

About what percentage of municipal police departments employ more than 100 full-time officers?

5

This is a secret list maintained by DHS that prohibits certain people from flying a commercial airplane.

no-fly list

Who is responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release?

parole board

Prior to sentencing the judge reads an evaluation regarding the defendant's background and circumstances of the offense. This report is called a(n) ________ investigation.

presentence

A structured sentencing model that attempts to balance sentencing guidelines with mandatory sentencing and at the same time provide discretion to the judge is called ________.

presumptive sentencing

Gambling in some venues is prohibited because of local law and not because it is necessarily harmful or inherently evil. Hence, gambling is termed mala ________.

prohibita

Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?

psychoanalytical theory

The right to search without probable cause to prevent threat against harm in a public setting is called the ________________ exception.

public safety

The use of ________ ten codes was found to cause confusion among the public and police.

radio

Which of the follow is considered a Part I offense? Choose the best answer.

rape, murder, burglary

Courts in which trial proceedings are transcribed are called courts of ________.

record

The ________ philosophy of punishment is also known as the just desserts.

retribution

Which of the following is NOT one of the contemporary philosophies regarding the purpose of punishment?

revenge

According to a 2013 annual report, a proactive response of schools to violence on campus was ________.

screening for weapons at school with metal detectors

The USA Patriot Act allows domestic law enforcement agencies to conduct ________.

searches with delayed notification

________ bonds are used to release people in the field for minor offenses like traffic laws.

signature

What type of bond bases release on the defendant's signature with a promise to return for trial?

signature bond

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) data indicated that a majority of people at the time of arrest were ________.

under the influence of one or more illicit drugs

The study of victims and their patterns of victimization is known as _____.

victimology

Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?

victims' rights movement

Judicial ________ is the process of moving a juvenile from juvenile court to adult (criminal) court.

waiver

________ was built in San Francisco Bay (in 1934) by the newly formed Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Alcatraz

________ is the malicious burning of any structure including one's own home.

Arson

The authority for establishing a federal court system is ________.

Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution

The cornerstone legislation of Former President Bush's "War on Terror" was known as the ________.

Enemy Combatant executive order

The retribution model of sentencing is also known as the remedial model of sentencing.

False

There are no savings by sending offenders to drug court programs rather than prison.

False

Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense?

It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death.

Which U.S. Supreme Court case required states to use the exclusionary rule?

Mapp v. Ohio

______ assumes a division between the poor (workers) and the rich (property owners and capitalists) in which the rich control the various social, political, and economic institutions of society.

Marxism

Which state has abandoned the use of private prisons?

Massachusetts

Which state passed the first probation statute?

Massachusetts

Which case established that juveniles do NOT have a constitutional right to a jury trial?

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Which state was first to adopt a new verdict known as "guilty but mentally ill"?

Michigan

There are three distinctively different types of federal agencies: military police, civilian police, and ________.

Native American Tribal Police

Which of the statements is TRUE regarding the London Metropolitan Police?

They were a full-time, paid, uniformed police agency.

Lombroso was influenced in his research by Darwin's theory of _____.

adaptation

The chief ________ officer for a municipal police department is usually called the chief of police.

administrative

In some felony cases, the ________ jury hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial.

grand

A new type of youth gang that are school based and less organized in criminal activity are known as ________.

hybrid gangs

The principle that the only way to prevent a criminal from reoffending is to remove them from society is termed ________.

incapacitation

The ________ model of sentencing gives the judge the greater flexibility in setting the sentence of the offender.

indeterminate

Defense counsel for a defendant who cannot afford a private attorney is providing what kind of defense?

indigent defense

An offender's criminal ________ is referred to as the mens rea.

intent

According to the BJS's Jail Inmates at Midyear 2014, about 744,600 inmates reside in over 2,750 local or county ________.

jails

One of the most serious obstacles facing an offender looking for a(n) ________ includes prejudice against hiring ex-offenders.

job

Geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department is termed a ________.

jurisdiction

U.S. Supreme Court cases that determine how the Constitution is to be interpreted are called ________.

landmark cases

Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior?

mal prohibita

The ________ witness law allows federal authorities to hold terror suspects indefinitely without charges.

material

Pardons and commutations of sentences are acts of ________.

mercy

Which law enforcement level is the most local and visible with over 12,000 departments?

municipal police

How much good-time credit can a federal prisoner earn annually after completion of the first year of their sentence?

54 Days

In a 2014 report from BJS, what percentage of prisoners successfully completed parole?

58%

Which Amendment to the Constitution prohibits trying someone twice for the same crime?

5th

Which case determined that juveniles couldn't be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense?

Breed v. Jones

________ cases are initiated by private parties.

Civil

Which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizens service based upon their race?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Freudian theory argues that ______.

Crime is caused to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished

One theory of why victimization which is normally greater in larger cities, and exception can occur in which smaller cities might see higher victimization could be explained by:

Dislocation

The nation's counterterrorism efforts have created a new respect for due process rights.

False

A state court of last resort issues landmark decisions

False

An alibi defense involves proving the offender was mentally ill at the time of the offense.

False

Conflict theories are based in the assumption that individuals lose self-control.

False

Delinquency petitions are forwarded to a state or county prosecutor.

False

In a bench trial, the jury has the authority to determine the sentence if the defendant is found guilty.

False

Inmates cannot earn early release from prison.

False

Personal victimization refers to the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but by the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.

False

Searching the possessions and baggage of airline passengers violates a person's Fourth Amendment rights.

False

The U.S. Postal Inspection Service operates the largest training academy for law enforcement agencies.

False

The United States has the lowest incarceration rate of any country in the world.

False

The judge performs an extensive life history and background investigation on convicted defendants sentenced to probation.

False

Which of the following statements in NOT correct?

Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior.

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court require bifurcated trail structure for death penalty cases?

Gregg vs. Georgia

Which federal case ruled that evidence in the plain view of a police officer is admissible in criminal court?

Harris v. United States

Which United States Supreme Court case extended the powers of the police to search vehicles for drugs with a trained dog without the need for any particular reason to suspect a narcotics violation?

Illinois v. Caballes

_____ norms are the unwritten rules of society.

Social

The Walnut Street Jail was built in which city?

Philadelphia

What was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?

Roper v. Simmons

Which case brought forth to the Supreme Court the issue of preventive detention for juveniles?

Schall v. Martin

________ victimization refers to the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but by the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.

Secondary

________ probation is a sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation.

Shock

A bail bondsman operates as a private sector business, and not an arm of the government.

True

A pat-down search conducted solely to ensure the safety of a police officer is legal.

True

A signature bond is commonly used in minor traffic offenses.

True

AIDS cases among our nation's prisoners are 3.5 times the rate for the U.S. general population.

True

Causal variables are variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships

True

Domestic terrorism includes right-wing extremist groups.

True

Drug court programs are showing some success in reducing recidivism.

True

Indeterminate sentencing gives a judge greater discretion when sentencing an offender.

True

Murder is considered a Part I offense.

True

Probation and parole officers are caseworkers with law enforcement powers that supervise convicted offenders in the community.

True

Rules of evidence stipulate the requirements for introducing evidence and define the qualifications of an expert witness and the nature of the testimony he or she may give.

True

Shock probation is a sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation.

True

Shortly after DHS assumed responsibility for TSA, they hired 55,000 new passenger screeners.

True

The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 abolished eligibility for parole for federal offenders who committed crimes on or after November 1, 1987.

True

The FBI was extensively reorganized after the events of September 11, 2001.

True

The U.S. Courts of Appeals hear appeals from U.S. District Courts.

True

The age in which a juvenile can be transferred to criminal court varies by state.

True

The first Ten Amendments (Bill of Rights) to the U.S. Constitution delineate certain guaranteed freedoms such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, and the right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure.

True

The hierarchy rule counts only the most serious crime in an incident involving multiple crimes.

True

The rate of victimization on Native American Reservations is twice the national average.

True

The second critical element in establishing criminality is the mens rea, also referred to as "guilty mind."

True

Unlike adult criminal trials, there is more leeway in juvenile adjudication hearings.

True

Which of the following federal agencies is part of the Department of Homeland Security? Choose the best answer.

U.S. Department of Treasury, Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy

The origins of the exclusionary rule can be traced back to which case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1914?

Weeks v. United States

The central tenant of the positivist school of criminology is that ______.

a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

An incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime is a(n) ________.

attempt

A concise statement of the main points of a law case is a(n) ________.

brief

The Auburn system utilized a unique prison architecture known as inside________.

cell block

The federal court system is responsible for the enforcement of federal codes in ________. Choose the best answer.

civil trials, administrative trials, criminal trials

The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes is known as the _____ school.

classical

________ to stand trial means that a defendant understands the charges against him or her and is able to comprehend what their attorney is advising in his or her defense.

competent

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is _____.

controlled by subconscious desires

Which offender is typically housed in a state operated prison?

convicted felons

The ______ figure of crime statistics is the recognitions that the official data of crime reported to the police is lower than the actual crime rate.

darl

In the juvenile justice system, a sentence hearing is referred to as a(n) ________ hearing.

disposition

________ jeopardy is a rule that a defendant can be charged only once and punished only once for a crime.

double

Trying someone twice for the same offense is called ________.

double jeopardy

The United States has been carrying out ________ attacks against alleged terrorist since the Bush administration.

drone

An advancement in home confinement that ensures compliance through electronic means is known as ________.

electronic monitoring

Mr. Smith claims an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank encouraging him to rob it. What defense would Mr. Smith claim?

entrapment

Which of the following sanctions would place a person in jail for a short time and then brought back to court to consider a probationary period?

split sentencing

Actions that do NOT require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called ________.

strict liability crimes

The most significant obstacle to halfway houses is the ________.

strong community opposition

In contrast to the traditional adjudication process, drug court programs are ________.

successfully reducing recidivism

A situation created by a citizen in which a law enforcement officers is forced to fire on him or her is known as ________ by police.

suicide

Another term used to denote probation is ________.

suspended sentence

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n)

system of social control

A probationer can be returned to prison for committing a new crime or for violating a condition of probation. The latter is called a(n) ________ violation.

technical

In 1967 President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that

the criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing

Which of the following is a purpose for booking a suspect into jail?

to establish the identity of a person

A private wrong that causes harm to another is a ________.

tort

Which of the following would be tried in a court of limited jurisdiction?

traffic violation