American Criminal Justice 101
What is the annual cost on average to provide round-the-clock health care to an elderly and ill inmate?
$65,000
How many federal judicial circuits are there?
13
The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade?
1970's
How many federal agencies were consolidated into the DHS?
22
Persons typically are confined in holding cells no longer than ________.
48 hours
Which amendment requires that evidence must be obtained by police with the use of a valid search warrant issued by a judge or searches may be based on probable cause?
4th
About what percentage of municipal police departments employ more than 100 full-time officers?
5
This is a secret list maintained by DHS that prohibits certain people from flying a commercial airplane.
no-fly list
Who is responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release?
parole board
Prior to sentencing the judge reads an evaluation regarding the defendant's background and circumstances of the offense. This report is called a(n) ________ investigation.
presentence
A structured sentencing model that attempts to balance sentencing guidelines with mandatory sentencing and at the same time provide discretion to the judge is called ________.
presumptive sentencing
Gambling in some venues is prohibited because of local law and not because it is necessarily harmful or inherently evil. Hence, gambling is termed mala ________.
prohibita
Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?
psychoanalytical theory
The right to search without probable cause to prevent threat against harm in a public setting is called the ________________ exception.
public safety
The use of ________ ten codes was found to cause confusion among the public and police.
radio
Which of the follow is considered a Part I offense? Choose the best answer.
rape, murder, burglary
Courts in which trial proceedings are transcribed are called courts of ________.
record
The ________ philosophy of punishment is also known as the just desserts.
retribution
Which of the following is NOT one of the contemporary philosophies regarding the purpose of punishment?
revenge
According to a 2013 annual report, a proactive response of schools to violence on campus was ________.
screening for weapons at school with metal detectors
The USA Patriot Act allows domestic law enforcement agencies to conduct ________.
searches with delayed notification
________ bonds are used to release people in the field for minor offenses like traffic laws.
signature
What type of bond bases release on the defendant's signature with a promise to return for trial?
signature bond
The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) data indicated that a majority of people at the time of arrest were ________.
under the influence of one or more illicit drugs
The study of victims and their patterns of victimization is known as _____.
victimology
Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?
victims' rights movement
Judicial ________ is the process of moving a juvenile from juvenile court to adult (criminal) court.
waiver
________ was built in San Francisco Bay (in 1934) by the newly formed Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Alcatraz
________ is the malicious burning of any structure including one's own home.
Arson
The authority for establishing a federal court system is ________.
Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution
The cornerstone legislation of Former President Bush's "War on Terror" was known as the ________.
Enemy Combatant executive order
The retribution model of sentencing is also known as the remedial model of sentencing.
False
There are no savings by sending offenders to drug court programs rather than prison.
False
Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense?
It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death.
Which U.S. Supreme Court case required states to use the exclusionary rule?
Mapp v. Ohio
______ assumes a division between the poor (workers) and the rich (property owners and capitalists) in which the rich control the various social, political, and economic institutions of society.
Marxism
Which state has abandoned the use of private prisons?
Massachusetts
Which state passed the first probation statute?
Massachusetts
Which case established that juveniles do NOT have a constitutional right to a jury trial?
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
Which state was first to adopt a new verdict known as "guilty but mentally ill"?
Michigan
There are three distinctively different types of federal agencies: military police, civilian police, and ________.
Native American Tribal Police
Which of the statements is TRUE regarding the London Metropolitan Police?
They were a full-time, paid, uniformed police agency.
Lombroso was influenced in his research by Darwin's theory of _____.
adaptation
The chief ________ officer for a municipal police department is usually called the chief of police.
administrative
In some felony cases, the ________ jury hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial.
grand
A new type of youth gang that are school based and less organized in criminal activity are known as ________.
hybrid gangs
The principle that the only way to prevent a criminal from reoffending is to remove them from society is termed ________.
incapacitation
The ________ model of sentencing gives the judge the greater flexibility in setting the sentence of the offender.
indeterminate
Defense counsel for a defendant who cannot afford a private attorney is providing what kind of defense?
indigent defense
An offender's criminal ________ is referred to as the mens rea.
intent
According to the BJS's Jail Inmates at Midyear 2014, about 744,600 inmates reside in over 2,750 local or county ________.
jails
One of the most serious obstacles facing an offender looking for a(n) ________ includes prejudice against hiring ex-offenders.
job
Geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department is termed a ________.
jurisdiction
U.S. Supreme Court cases that determine how the Constitution is to be interpreted are called ________.
landmark cases
Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior?
mal prohibita
The ________ witness law allows federal authorities to hold terror suspects indefinitely without charges.
material
Pardons and commutations of sentences are acts of ________.
mercy
Which law enforcement level is the most local and visible with over 12,000 departments?
municipal police
How much good-time credit can a federal prisoner earn annually after completion of the first year of their sentence?
54 Days
In a 2014 report from BJS, what percentage of prisoners successfully completed parole?
58%
Which Amendment to the Constitution prohibits trying someone twice for the same crime?
5th
Which case determined that juveniles couldn't be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense?
Breed v. Jones
________ cases are initiated by private parties.
Civil
Which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizens service based upon their race?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Freudian theory argues that ______.
Crime is caused to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished
One theory of why victimization which is normally greater in larger cities, and exception can occur in which smaller cities might see higher victimization could be explained by:
Dislocation
The nation's counterterrorism efforts have created a new respect for due process rights.
False
A state court of last resort issues landmark decisions
False
An alibi defense involves proving the offender was mentally ill at the time of the offense.
False
Conflict theories are based in the assumption that individuals lose self-control.
False
Delinquency petitions are forwarded to a state or county prosecutor.
False
In a bench trial, the jury has the authority to determine the sentence if the defendant is found guilty.
False
Inmates cannot earn early release from prison.
False
Personal victimization refers to the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but by the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.
False
Searching the possessions and baggage of airline passengers violates a person's Fourth Amendment rights.
False
The U.S. Postal Inspection Service operates the largest training academy for law enforcement agencies.
False
The United States has the lowest incarceration rate of any country in the world.
False
The judge performs an extensive life history and background investigation on convicted defendants sentenced to probation.
False
Which of the following statements in NOT correct?
Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior.
In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court require bifurcated trail structure for death penalty cases?
Gregg vs. Georgia
Which federal case ruled that evidence in the plain view of a police officer is admissible in criminal court?
Harris v. United States
Which United States Supreme Court case extended the powers of the police to search vehicles for drugs with a trained dog without the need for any particular reason to suspect a narcotics violation?
Illinois v. Caballes
_____ norms are the unwritten rules of society.
Social
The Walnut Street Jail was built in which city?
Philadelphia
What was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?
Roper v. Simmons
Which case brought forth to the Supreme Court the issue of preventive detention for juveniles?
Schall v. Martin
________ victimization refers to the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but by the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.
Secondary
________ probation is a sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation.
Shock
A bail bondsman operates as a private sector business, and not an arm of the government.
True
A pat-down search conducted solely to ensure the safety of a police officer is legal.
True
A signature bond is commonly used in minor traffic offenses.
True
AIDS cases among our nation's prisoners are 3.5 times the rate for the U.S. general population.
True
Causal variables are variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships
True
Domestic terrorism includes right-wing extremist groups.
True
Drug court programs are showing some success in reducing recidivism.
True
Indeterminate sentencing gives a judge greater discretion when sentencing an offender.
True
Murder is considered a Part I offense.
True
Probation and parole officers are caseworkers with law enforcement powers that supervise convicted offenders in the community.
True
Rules of evidence stipulate the requirements for introducing evidence and define the qualifications of an expert witness and the nature of the testimony he or she may give.
True
Shock probation is a sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation.
True
Shortly after DHS assumed responsibility for TSA, they hired 55,000 new passenger screeners.
True
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 abolished eligibility for parole for federal offenders who committed crimes on or after November 1, 1987.
True
The FBI was extensively reorganized after the events of September 11, 2001.
True
The U.S. Courts of Appeals hear appeals from U.S. District Courts.
True
The age in which a juvenile can be transferred to criminal court varies by state.
True
The first Ten Amendments (Bill of Rights) to the U.S. Constitution delineate certain guaranteed freedoms such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, and the right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure.
True
The hierarchy rule counts only the most serious crime in an incident involving multiple crimes.
True
The rate of victimization on Native American Reservations is twice the national average.
True
The second critical element in establishing criminality is the mens rea, also referred to as "guilty mind."
True
Unlike adult criminal trials, there is more leeway in juvenile adjudication hearings.
True
Which of the following federal agencies is part of the Department of Homeland Security? Choose the best answer.
U.S. Department of Treasury, Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy
The origins of the exclusionary rule can be traced back to which case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1914?
Weeks v. United States
The central tenant of the positivist school of criminology is that ______.
a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors
An incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime is a(n) ________.
attempt
A concise statement of the main points of a law case is a(n) ________.
brief
The Auburn system utilized a unique prison architecture known as inside________.
cell block
The federal court system is responsible for the enforcement of federal codes in ________. Choose the best answer.
civil trials, administrative trials, criminal trials
The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes is known as the _____ school.
classical
________ to stand trial means that a defendant understands the charges against him or her and is able to comprehend what their attorney is advising in his or her defense.
competent
Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is _____.
controlled by subconscious desires
Which offender is typically housed in a state operated prison?
convicted felons
The ______ figure of crime statistics is the recognitions that the official data of crime reported to the police is lower than the actual crime rate.
darl
In the juvenile justice system, a sentence hearing is referred to as a(n) ________ hearing.
disposition
________ jeopardy is a rule that a defendant can be charged only once and punished only once for a crime.
double
Trying someone twice for the same offense is called ________.
double jeopardy
The United States has been carrying out ________ attacks against alleged terrorist since the Bush administration.
drone
An advancement in home confinement that ensures compliance through electronic means is known as ________.
electronic monitoring
Mr. Smith claims an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank encouraging him to rob it. What defense would Mr. Smith claim?
entrapment
Which of the following sanctions would place a person in jail for a short time and then brought back to court to consider a probationary period?
split sentencing
Actions that do NOT require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called ________.
strict liability crimes
The most significant obstacle to halfway houses is the ________.
strong community opposition
In contrast to the traditional adjudication process, drug court programs are ________.
successfully reducing recidivism
A situation created by a citizen in which a law enforcement officers is forced to fire on him or her is known as ________ by police.
suicide
Another term used to denote probation is ________.
suspended sentence
A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n)
system of social control
A probationer can be returned to prison for committing a new crime or for violating a condition of probation. The latter is called a(n) ________ violation.
technical
In 1967 President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that
the criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing
Which of the following is a purpose for booking a suspect into jail?
to establish the identity of a person
A private wrong that causes harm to another is a ________.
tort
Which of the following would be tried in a court of limited jurisdiction?
traffic violation
