American Foreign Policy Reading questions

Briefly describe the indicators demonstrating China's emergence as a global power

The first indicator for China's rise to becoming a global power is economic. They have the third largest economy in the world as well as being the third largest trading country. Another indicator is its diplomacy. It has mended relations with Russia and India and continue to be productive with countries in the Middle East. The third one is their military. They have increased their military spending (third largest) and also increased its presence globally by creating what is known as a "blue water navy." The last indicator is size. China is the world's most populated country at 1.3 billion citizens and has the fourth largest territory.

What are three ways that the media influences FP? What is the historical precedent over freedom of the press vs. national security?

The first way the media influences foreign policy is agenda setting. The media can pick and choose which stories they wish to emphasize to the public, which then persuades the way the viewer thinks. The second way is the sharing of public opinion through framing and priming. The media can frame the priority-level of an issue and influence judgments on a foreign policy topic. The last one is the way the media can affect how policymakers do their jobs. Media can pressure policymakers to address certain foreign events over others. As for the historical precedent over freedom of the press versus national security, national security tends to be of more importance.

What is international internationalism? How does it characterize relations between states? What are international institutions? Why are international institutions important? What are the five types?

It is the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of their common good or devotion to the interests of a particular nation. It characterizes relations by negotiating and peacemaking, this makes the bond stronger between states. Internatonal institutions focus on international relations scholarsip as well as of policymaking efforts around the world. It stresses the importance of institutions, organizations, and regimes that resolve tensions and prevent war. United Nations, Red Cross, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, and International Monetary Fund.

What are Jentleson's two points about the international system? Why is each one important to understanding the international system and American foreign policy?

Jentleson's two points about the international system are Quasi anarchy and System Structure. Quasi-Anarchy is important because it states that no ultimate governing authority exists over international system. This is inlike domestic affairs where a government is in control. System structure is based on the distribution of power, where a state ranks in terms of power can affect how much impact it can have in foreign policy terms.

What lessons were learned from the first Gulf War? What are the limits of the first Gulf War's significance according to Jentleson?

Lessons Learned: Agression was still in international life, AFP is more successful when working through the UN, our military was unmatched in the air field, and formation of the Powell Doctrine. Limits: Gulf war was an exception to the demand of military force for peacekeeping, leaving Iraq led to Saddam to take over and cause more problems, UN failed at WMD inspections, US actually gave weapons to Iraq for its war against Iran.

What is NAFTA?

NAFTA is short for the North American Free Trade Agreement. The agreement was signed by Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17th, 1992. The document's purpose is to create a trade block in North America, eliminatign barriers to trade and investment between the three signing countries. It did this by making certain policy changes, such as the elimination of many tariffs, enhancing U.S. copyright law, making agricultural changes, transport infrastructure changes, and creating new environmental laws.

Which foreign policy officials do not require Senate confirmation?

National security adviser, and staff of the National Security Council.

Briefly describe the Obama strategy towards global counterterrorism.

Obama's overal global strategy of counterterrorism is to use more diplomatic and political power and influence. Obama's overall goal is to prevent catastrophic terrorism such as biological, chemical, or nuclear weapon attacks through these peaceful alternatices. Obama still has the military as the main force for counterterrorism, but is starting to use policies of deterrence to adress issues.

. What are the tensions and sources of these tensions for the US-Japanese relationship?

Trade issues arise from Japan's sharp imbalances and weak government strategies in dealing with its own economic problems which affects us through our trade. US financial crisis hurt Japan and causes conflict too. Security relations is another. Arises from Americans thinking Japan has taken advantage of the US support given to them. Japan then feels that the US is domineering and that they want to show that their support can't be taken for granted. All of this is sensitive because of US military bases in Japan. So far as to go with American troops stationed there are being charged with rape and drunken assaults. Japan's military role was limited after the Cold War and this causes great tension also.

What is the difference between substantive and procedural legislation?

Substantive legislation is policy-specific, spelling out what the details of foreign policy should or should not be. Disapproval of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, approval of the 1947 Marshall Plan, and ratification of the 1972 SALT arms-control treaty with the Soviet Union are a few examples of substantive legislation. Procedural legislation is more subtle and requires greater elaboration. It deals more with "the structure and procedures by which foreign policy is made. The underlying premise is that if Congress changes the decision-making process it will change the policy."

What is sustainable development?

Sustaiable development has been defined as a policy approach that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It has two key elements, an emphasis on issues of global inequality and a broadening of the agenda beyond the economic aspects of development to include issues of human development and human security.

What is the IAEA? What is the NPT? What are the obligations of states who are members of the NPT? What are the CTBT and the PSI?

1) Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT): A treaty approved by the UN in 1968 pertaining to states possession and future development of nuclear weapons. 2) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Created in 1957 the IAEA was created with the directive to ensure that as nations develop nuclear energy it would only be used for peaceful purposes. 3) NPT member obligations; • States already in possession of nuclear weapons allowed to keep them, but pledged to reduce arsenals through arms-control agreements. (US, UK, France, Russia/Soviet Union, China) • States who do not possess nuclear weapons are prohibited from acquiring or developing nuclear weapons. 4) Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): A treaty adopted by the UN in 1996 in which states agreed to ban all nuclear explosions. 5) Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): A global coalition initiated by the G.W. Bush administration aimed at stopping the trafficking of WMD, missiles and other delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non state actors of concern.

Briefly describe the three main policy options that have been debated for dealing with Iran's nuclear program.

1. Coercive diplomacy-economic sanctions and other pressures short of military force (they try to negotiate an agreement) 2. Military strikes- Obama with Iran; he said he would use anything to prevent Iran from getting nuclear weapons. Also Iran is threatening Israel, which would caused the US to do this. 3. Grand Bargaining- nuclear issue is part of a broader tension and can only be resolved in the context of a fundamental improvement in relations akin to the US soviet detante that helped end the Cold War.

Briefly describe the six key objectives of democracy promotion strategies.

1. Facilitating fair and free elections • The goal of this stage is to work in areas that are already taking steps in the right direction. The idea is to help propel fair and free elections in places that are likely to be successful. 2. Build strong and accountable political institutions • There needs to be a politically stable system to make this possible. The strong foundation will protect it from falling to certain government regimes. There needs to be representativeness. This will compel choice, competition, and other beneficial factors. Lastly, effective government is needed. Weakness comes from the instability so strength is imperative in addition to a strong legislature and military. 3. Establishing free press • In some countries it has been unsafe for reporters, so it is an objective to change that and to make journalism safer in foreign countries. 4. Strengthening the rule of law • Some of the rules of law need to be "overhauled" along with new training of police force and making sure that our practices of law change with the changing times. 5. Protecting human rights • A goal of this is to have countries practice what they preach. It has been harder for governments to hide their inhumane activities with the advancement of social media and technology, so it is imperative now more than ever, to act while we can. 6. Cultivating civil society • This means to make a society that is more than a group of people that gets together to vote. This would be a united group no matter what differences there may be between them.

. In what ways does public opinion influence foreign policy?

1. Political Culture and Ideology: The public's belief in "American Exceptionalism" as the base for all FP decisions. The public belief that the US is the unique, moral leader of global democracy. This belief is thought to place principles over all else when developing and enacting a FP. 2. Anticipatory Parameter Setting: The President and his advisors must calculate how the American public will respond to a certian FP. The expected public opinion shapes FP decisions. 3. Centripetal Pull: Public Opinion tends to "center" a president's FP. If a president is seen as too harsh in a FP by the public he/she may be advised to or on their own decrease the harshness of the policy. 4. Impact on Congress: Congress is very sensitive (some say too sensitive) to public opinion polls. 5. Effect on Diplomatic Negotiations: It is important for a diplomat to know how a FP compromise or deal will be viewed at home (anticipatory parameter setting). This may be a handicap during negotiations because the public may support a policy that is not necessarily favorable to the US as a whole or in the future. However, a diplomat may use public opinion as a tool to strengthen his/her hand..."I would consider your proposal but the American public wouldn't have it." 6. Elections: Shaping a FP that the public will support in order to be re-elected or your party elected to office. There are 3 key factors in attributing significant electoral impact to a FP: 1. The FP issue must be important to the public 2. There must exist a significant divide on the issue between Rep and Dem candidates 3. This divide between the Rep and Dem candidates must be well known by the public

Briefly describe the seven issues in US China relations

1. Power Transitions: As one major world power (China) is on the rise there may be conflict between the ascending power and the existing world power (US) The issue is that China's Foriegn policy is ever changing and debated. Will China be a fair competetor or an "aggressive" adversary? 2. Taiwan: An island off of China, once protected by and recognized as independent from China by the US. Eventhough the US established the ONE China policy, ending its diplomatic recognition of Taiwan's independence from China the US is still committed to protect the island from PRC aggression. 3. China's Military: Increased spending, modernizing and developing new techknowledgy. Spreading of China's military influence and relationships around the Globe. 4. East Asian-Pacific Regional Security: China's increased economic and military growth and development along with long history of conflict, both violent and non violent, with the surrounding region. These nations once had and some still have interest to the US, such as Japan, Philippines, South Korea. These regional issues are mostly over territory and boundaries between China and other nations. 5. Responsibility to Protect (R2P) vs Sovereignty: The international community, including the US, debate over intervening to stop or prevent mass atrocities. China is opposed to the international intervention compromising a nations sovereignty. China has supported nations when thier sovereignty had been threatened. China also argues against this foreign policy probably due to its own internal human rights violations. 6. US-China Economic Relations: China is cheating! The US accuses China of undervalueing thier currency so China's exports are cheaper than the competition. The US accuses China of unfair government subsidies and economic support. China accuses the US of unfair practices too. For e

Briefly describe the three emerging aspects of the 21st century world according to Jentleson.

According to Jentleson, the three major aspects that are emerging in the 21st century include 1) Dominance 2) Disruption and 3) Multiple mass destruction threats. The idea of dominance has changed from years past with the idea that we no longer are attempting to show dominance over other major powers. We are rather focused on competition and avoiding altercation. The concept of disruption deals with transnational groups and their abilities to cause large disturbances within major countries, such as Al-Qaeda on 9/11. Multiple mass destruction threats deals not only with nuclear weapons and other forms of WMD, but also with diseases of mass destruction, environmental mass destruction, and identities of mass destruction (genocides and ethnic cleansings similar to those of WWII). These are the emerging aspects that are becoming the forefront of foreign policy in the 21st century.

According to Jentleson, why is politics stopping at the water's edge a myth?

According to Jentleson, there are 3 keys to the Water's edge myth. The first of those three is that the domestic consensus that characterized the cold war era was more the exception than the rule. The second key was that consensus has not always been a good thing. Lastly, domestic political conflict is not necessarily bad for foreign policy. Basically the author wanted to make it very clear that you must leaving your political differences at the waters edge was a myth, but there are times when dealing with foreign policy and threats at the same time it is in your best interest to leave those issues for another time or not at all. Doesn't make it true every single time.

Why have American leaders stressed the importance of an engaged America in the post Cold War world? Why is American foreign policy important according to Jentleson?

American leaders have stressed the importance of an engaged America because the US is such an influential country and has the ability to change many aspects of foreign policy in countries all over the globe. The Cold War taught the US that it has the ability to compromise and shut down policies that they see unfit, and if the US was not engaged, there could possibly be another instance in which there are unethical or detrimental things going on in the world. Because the US is such a super power, it can change these things that leaders see are unfit with the rest of the world with reasonable ease. According to Jentleson, Forein policy is important for the reasons issued above. The US must maintain relations with many different countries, good and bad, to make sure that there aren't things such as human rights violations or war crimes being committed. If the US were to not be involved, then the countries that are committing offenses wouldn't believe that the US has the right to tel them how to dictate their country, and the respect for the US would greatly decrease.

When has America had to choose between the 4 P's? What did it choose? Why?

An instance in which the U.S had to choose between the 4 Ps was a choice between power and prosperity or principles. This instance centered around the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests during which the government massacred thousands of protestors. Many called for action to be taken against China, including revoking most favored nation status, however the choice needed to be made between power and prosperity or our principles. President Bush at the time chose power, imposing only limited economic sanctions. President Clinton made a similar choice with prosperity. He concluded that the billions of dollars in potential trade and investment was more important than revoking China's MFN status.

Briefly describe the benefits of free trade according to free trade theory. Briefly describe the arguments that challenge free trade theory.

Benefits: The aggregate benefits from the competition and specialization that free trade encourages are greater than the costs imposed on those who lose jobs and businesses to import competition. "Trade makes for improved resource allocation, higher productivity, and overall increases in wealth." (Douglas Irwin, economist) Exports accounted for more than 1/4 of US economic growth in the 1990s and about 12 million jobs in the US then. Arguments (4) 1) Particuralistic costs vs. Diffuse benefits: number of people bearing the particuralistic costs is less than the number of people getting the diffuse benefits, but the beneficiaries are more inclined to bring political pressure 2) Limited capacity of free markets to facilitate economic adjustment: jobs are created in more globally competitive industries but this takes time. Provisions such as unemployment compensation have helped with the short-term pain, but adjusting more permanently to greater global competitiveness has been much harder 3) environmental issues, labor standards, and other broader social agenda issues: critics fault free trade theory for leaving such factors out of its narrowl economic calculcations of efficiency and wealth creation. 4) Fair trade agreement: is the playing field level in terms of other countries being sufficiently committed to rules of openness? Fair trade supporters claim ground btwn free trade and protectionism, arguing that althouh fair trade is less elegant, is is more realistic and consistent with political realities.

What is the difference between the media as cheerleader and critic?

Cheerleader- This is used when the president wants support. Sometimes leaders will even go out of their way to ask the media publicly to support a cause. Woodrow Wilson for example asked media outlets to support him. Another example was during WW2, FDR used the media to gain of joining the allies. This rounds up camaraderie and and a public support for the cause. Critic-This shows American the not so positive aspects of foreign policy. This was the case in the Vietnam War. The media reported on how poor the war was going. In the Gulf War, the government put limits on coverage. They began limiting the amount and accuracy of the information; they were trying to get a more cheerleader coverage of the war.

How do Presidents use the executive power in foreign policy making? Why?

Common executive powers used by presidents include the veto, the skills of being a practiced politician, the use of position for natural authority, and "signing statements." Presidents use these powers as prescribed by the Constitution. Presidents primarily use their executive powers to "execute" foreign policy, such as executive agreements and executive orders, which are directives issued by the president for executive-branch actions not requiring legislative approval. Sometimes executive orders are issued to fill in the blanks of legislation passed by Congress. But they can also be used as a way of getting around Congress.

What is Democratic Idealism? How does it characterize relations between states and foreign policy? What is the democratic peace theory? What is soft power? Why is it significant for America?

Democratic Idealism: international relations theory that emphasizes Principles and is rooted in two central tenets: in a tradeoff, "right" is to be chosen over "might," and in the long run, "right" makes for "might." Short-term agreements: Principles over Power Long-term outcome: Principles lead to Power Democratic idealism instills the idea of American Exceptionalism. Foreign policy is shaped by Democratic idealism in the sense that we will aid countries who are democratic, and fight for democracy in non-democratic countries. American Principles are the root of exercising American Power. Democratic Peace Theory: asserts that promoting democracy promotes peace because democracies do not go to war against each other Soft Power: the ways in which the values for which a nation stands, its cultural attractiveness, and other aspects of its reputation can have quite practical value as sources of influence. Soft power is significant to America because currently, many do not believe that the US is not living up to its declared values.

What is the democratic peace theory? Briefly describe the three components of the basic argument of democratic peace. Briefly describe the critiques and caveats of the democratic peace theory.

Democratic peace theory is a theory the US should not just spread democracy because it is the right thing to do, but because history suggests that democracies do not engage in armed conflicts with other democracies. The three components include the following: 1.) Democracies haven't fought eachother since 1815 2.) Since the end of WWII, democracies have been only 1/8 likely as nondemocracies to threaten military force. 3.) Democracies have fought in numerous wars against nondemocracies According to Immanuel Kant, his components include constraints imposed by democratic political systems, the internationalization of democratic norms, and the bonds built by trade. Bill Clinton strongly supported this ideal, and his administration believed that it was the best strategic move to use this kind of ideal in foreign relations. Bush's administration were more realists, and although they didn't oppose democracy, they didn't put it high on the importance of internation relation.

Briefly describe the arguments for and against the use of drones.

Drones have the benefit of preemption in acting early but doing so on a limited scale that avoids the massive troop commitments and other aspects of the Bush doctrine used in the Iraq case. Drone strikes run much lower risks of US casualties than ground operations and even air strikes by manned craft. Drone strikes are even justified under domestic law. Drones are "legal, ethical and wise". Drones do cause greater costs and consequences from civilian casualties and resentments over sovereignty violations. The claims being made and the justifications being set by the US may also be used by other countries that have drone programs.

6. What are economisms? What are imperialsm/neo-colonialism? How are they different? How does it characterize relations between states? Be able to explain Hobson/Lenin's arguments about capitalism and imperialism.

Economism: A school of thought under which the goal of American foreign policy is general economic benefit for the nation: a favorable balance of trade, strong economic growth, a healthy macro-economy. The ultimate goal is collective prosperity in which the interests served are that of the American people in general. imperialism/Neo-colonialism: Theories that explain American foreign policy as being dominated by and serving the interests of the capitalist class and other elites. This would include multinational corporations and major banks.

What are executive agreements? Why do presidents use them? What are declaratory commitments? Which foreign policy officials do not require Senate confirmation?

Executive Agreement: a mechanism by which the president can make an agreement with a foreign leader without the congressional approval. Generally intended to be used for minor government-to-government matters rather than major aspects of relations, the line is blurred. status of forces agreements are an example of this; SOFAs are agreements made between the U.S. president and foreign leaders about the positioning of U.S. troops abroad. Presidents use them as a way to by pass congressional approval when making foreign policy agreements with foreign governments. Declaratory commitments: Declaratory commitments are foreign policy commitments that are derived from s peaches given by presidents. These are historically some of the most important foreign policy commitments made. Two examples of these are the Truman Doctrine and the Monroe Doctrine.

How often does thee American use of force stem from a declaration of war? When has it?

First, it is important to state that only Congress has the power to declare war. The War Powers Resolution limited the President's ability to send troops without the declaration of war. During a time of crisis, the President can send troops into armed conflict after 48 hours notice of Congress. The troops are only allowed to be abroad for 60 days from deployment without further permission from Congress. With that being said, very rarely does American use of force stem from a declaration of War. The only declared wars in US history are: War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II. It is much more common for the US to send troops that remain abroad for extended periods of time, fighting in undeclared wars.

What affects the President's ability to be the key foreign policy decision maker? What is a belief system? What are its core components? How does it affect FP decisions?

How well the president fulfills the foreign policy leadership role depends on a number of factors. One is the extent of foreign policy experience and expertise that a president brings to the office. Another set of factors is characteristics of the president as an individual. The president's personality affects how well the job is done. A belief system is a more cognitive approach to executive-branch decision making that focuses on the president's worldview. The three core components are: The analytic component of the conception of the international system: What is the president's view of the basic structure of the international system? Who and what are seen as the principal threats to the United States? The normative component of the national interest hierarchy: How does the president rank the core objectives of Power, Peace, Prosperity, and Principles? The instrumental component of a basic strategy: Given both the conception of the international system and the national interest hierarchy, what is the optimal strategy to be pursued? These belief systems have a direct connection to foreign policy, because the presidents base their international politics off of these components, whether consciously or subconsciously.

What is preventative diplomacy? What are some examples of preventative diplomacy? What is ripeness in relation to understanding conflict? What is the importance of this concept?

In plain language, preventive diplomacy refers to diplomatic action taken to prevent disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of conflicts when they occur. While it is conducted in different forms and fora, both public and private, the most common expression of preventive diplomacy is found in the work of diplomatic envoys dispatched to crisis areas to encourage dialogue, compromise and the peaceful resolution of tensions. Preventive diplomacy can also encompass the involvement of the Security Council, the Secretary-General and other actors to discourage the use of violence at critical moments. At the United Nations, former Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld first articulated the concept of preventive diplomacy half a century ago. It has since evolved in response to new challenges and is increasingly applied by the United Nations, its Member States and partner organizations around the globe.

What is pre-emption?

In regards to the Bush Preemption Doctrine, it can be defined as striking first militarily against an imminent threat. Basically it states the US will take action through both building defense, and striking offensively before the threat against them has fully formed and been acted upon.

3. What were some challenges during the war in Afghanistan that the US government faced (Both in Afghanistan and in the US)? What were the challenges with Pakistan?

In the beginning the U.S. claimed to be acting in self dense and the right to use to force against the Taliban was widely accepted in the international community. There were many challenges in the war that the US government faced. A reliance on local forces as a way of limiting the ground forces that the United States had to commit. The anti-Taliban group, The Afghan Northern Alliance, was a valuable ally as long as its interests were being served (ex: Tora Bora). The war complicated counterterrorism efforts by dispersing potential attackers across a wider geographic area. Another challenge was building an Afghan army strong enough to deny terrorists a safe haven. The political elections held in Afghanistan were surrounded with massive corruption. In the U.S. we were "running out of time" to achieve our objectives, so in 2008 we added 30,000 more troops. Also in the US public support dwindled and over 67% of people in 2012 said the war was not worth the costs. Challenges with Pakistan is that we gave them 10 billion dollars in aid to be a part of the solution stabilizing Afghanistan, but became part of the problem because they did not produce the cooperation promised. Instead, they became a "safe haven" for the Taliban to rebuild and rearm and launch attacks in Afghanistan. There is evidence that Pakistan's President, Musharraf was "playing both sides of the war" by supporting both the Taliban and the U.S. Another monumental challenge for the U.S. regarding Pakistan is their possession of nuclear weapons. Which could possibly fall into the hands of the Taliban?

What are the different strategies and techniques that interest groups use to influence FP? What are possible concerns with interest group influence over FP? What is the Military Industrial Complex? Why is it significant? How dominant are interest groups?

Interest groups use a variety of strategies to attempt to influence foreign policy: influencing Congressional legislation by lobbying, influencing the executive branch or trying to influence who gets appointed to important foreign policy positions, influencing elections through PACs and funding, influencing public opinion through protests, demonstrations, and the media, through "direct action," and corruption. Jentleson discusses three possible concerns with interest group influence over foreign policy that James Madison noted in the Federalist Papers. Madison's first concern was that the effect of a war that might have been fought for group-specific interests rather than collective interests would be extremely negative and compromise the democracy. Second, Jentleson says, "this 'capturing' of policy areas by interest groups makes changes much more difficult because of the many vested interests that get ensconed." Third, Madison was worried about the "impulses of passion," because foreign policy issues are often emotionally charged. The Military-Industrial Complex is an example of excessive interest group influence over foreign policy. This idea was brought up by President Eisenhower in his farewell address, and is based on the relationship between the military establishment and the arms industry. Jentleson sites several examples of the Military-Industrial Complex's significance, including times during the Cold War and the B-1 bomber; instances where presidents had to conform to interest groups' demands, or they would put their presidency in jepoardy. Political scientists have noted times when interest groups were dominant and times when they were not, so it is fair to say that the dominance of interest groups throughout history depends on the time period and the issues at hand.

Why are Chemical and Biological weapons scarier than nuclear weapons according to Jentleson? What is the CWC? How does it lessen the threat of from chemical weapons? Why is it more far freaching that the NPT? What is the OPCW? What factors impede its use?

One reason chemical and biological weapons are more dangerous than nuclear weapons is because they are less expensive to produce. Another reason being that the level of technology and military capability required for their use is much less sophisticated, so terrorist groups are more likely to succeed in accessing them. The CWC is the Chemical Weapons Convention. This lessens the usage of chemical weapons by banning the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, trade, and use of chemical weapons. It is effective partially because it is so ambitious and because it is farther-reaching than the NPT. The NPT is the Nucelar Nonproliferation Treaty, and it allowed the five states that already had nuclear weapons to keep them. The OPCW is the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Challenges to these newly formed groups arise from states having many undeclared chemical weapon stockpiles. Also, many countries, including the United States, have still not completely destroyed its arsenal.

What is the difference between peacekeeping and peace-enforcement? Why is the latter harder than the former?

Peace-keeping is the situation in which the UN forces are brought into an area after the parties have already agreed to the terms of peace, and with the consent of those parties, to ensure and facilitate the keeping of that peace. The rules are neutral and impartial: to use force only for their own self-defense, and not to interfere in the internal affairs of the parties. Peace enforcing however, is more about peace making. Conflicts that are still raging or under-tenuous cease-fires, which are conditions in whcih traditional stratagems of impartiality and limited mission aren't sufficient. An example of peace enforcing would be in Bosnia, when there was no intial peace that had to be kept, instead peace was imposed and then enforced. Peace enforcing is much more difficult that peace-keeping because the UN has to impose and enforce peace on a country that may not have agreed to the terms of peace.

Why are power transitions dangerous? What are containment and engagement policies towards china? What is the logic of each?

Power transitions are dangerous because sometimes intentionally, other times not intentionally, a rising power and the existing power may go beyond competition to conflict. An example of this is the power transition between Germany's rising power and Great Britain's dominance, which some historians argue is the basis for the origins of WWI. The US policy of containment towards China is a more limited version of the containment policy towards the USSR during the Cold War. This policy stands on the basis that the internal changes that need to occur in China will occur if their external ambitions are contained, thus revealing their internal flaws. The US policy of engagement towards China is the an alternate view of policy towards China. This policy views China as less of a threat. The US will stand by its allies but will work out its issues with China through diplomacy, negotiations, and encouragement. The logic behind containment is that of "strategic competition" between the US and China whereas the logic behind engagement is more of "strategic partnership"

According to Jentleson, what are the four P's? How does each define the national interest? What international relations theory goes with each P?

Power, Peace, Prosperity, and Principles are the four P's. Power defines national interest with the ideas of self-defense and the preservation of national independence and territory while deterring aggression and influencing other states. The international theory that goes along with power is Realism. Peace defines national interests by stressing diplomacy, which essentially is the goal for all of the four P's. The international theory that goes along with peace is International Institutionalism. Prosperity defines national interest by economic terms such as reliable and low cost imports and growing markets for American exports, profitable foreign investments, and the ability to strengthen global capitalism. The international theory that goes along with prosperity is Economisn and Imperialism and Neocolonialism. Principles defines national interest by the values, ideas, and beliefs the US claims to stand on. The international theory that goes along with principles is Democratic Idealism.

What is realism? How does it characterize relations between states? How can power be exerted? What are the different types of power based foreign policies?

Realism and power go hand in hand. It basically says that it is the idea of states fighting for power with regards to countries' foreign policies. States put more of their fortune on themselves and worry less about others, worrying about their own security. There are many didfferent types of power based foreign policies such as military assistance, war, economic sanctions, and covert actions, to name a few.

What are ASEAN and APEC?

Regional organizations have been less prominent in Asia than in Europe, but they have been growing in roles and numbers in the recent years. Associations of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) were established in 1967 to promote economic cooperation among Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Today six other surrounding nations have joined ASEAN. Its effectiveness is mixed. On regional security issues such as counterterrorism and antipiracy it has done some fostering of regional multilateral cooperation. It has less impact on "hard power" in regional security issues. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional organization that focuses exclusively on economic matters. It was created in 1993 and focuses on liberation of trade barriers, business facilitation, and regional economic cooperation.

According to Jentleson, who are the big three? And what affects who has the most influential role? What is groupthink? Why is it significant?

The "big three" are the national security adviser, the secretary of state, and the secretary of defense. The factors of who has the most influential role are the respective relationships of these advisers with the president and their own prominence and bureaucratic skills. Another analytic question is whether consensus or conflict prevails among the senior advisers. Consensus doesn't mean perfect harmony, but a prevailing sense of teamwork and collegiality. A possible negative aspect of consensus, though, is that too much consensus among senior adviser can lead to groupthink. Groupthink is a social-psychology concept that refers to the pressure for unanimity within small groups that work against individual critical thinking. Group cohesion is good, but too much of it can be stifling. The result can be decisions about which the question is later asked, "How did so many smart people make such a dumb decision?"

What is the 1972 Biological Weapons Treaty? What are its weaknesses? Why is it hard to negotiate the verification of the treaty?

The 1972 Biological Weapons Treaty was a treaty that was held to completely ban the production, deployment, and stockpile of chemical and biological weapons by any nation. There are a couple of weaknesses that are found in the treaty: it lacks the universal application to all of the countries. Several nations reman outiside the control of the treaty and therefore are not subject to follow the treaty. Several countries will also try to develop these weapons secretly and illegally. Enforcing this treaty would be very hard and it requires the invasion of a country's private domain and a nations sovereignty. Also the Bush administration said it would violate the confidentiality of the pharmaceutical industry.

What did the Curtiss-Wright and Youngstown Supreme Court decisions say? How did they affect the balance between executive and congressional powers?

The Curtiss-Wright Supreme Court decision said that the president was allowed greater authority than congress on foreign affairs because according to the law of nations he is the sole representative of the people. He receives the adequate information and is in the better condition to make decisions. On the other hand, the Youngstown decision limited the power of the president holding that it cannot go against an act or will of congress. With the Curtiss-Wright court case the president's powers were expanded but the Youngstown case tried to reverse the case by limiting his powers. Therefore the balance between the two was stabilized in the end, according to what the decisions held.

What is FISA? NSA? What are the justifications and critiques of the NSA program to monitor calls and emails of people in the US without a warrant?

The FISA is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that has procedures for requesting authorization for foreign intelligence surveillance and increases the US's counterintelligence. The NSA is the National Security Agency that monitored the international phone calls and e-mails of thousands of people inside the US to search for evidence of terrorist activity without the court-approved warrants that are required for spying. The Bush administration said that it was necessary to track down Al Qaeda for our safety. They also argued that the program was legal, citing not only the FISA but the president's authority under Article II. Critics saw it a threat to the 4th amendment (unreasonable searches and seizures.

What is the ICC? Briefly describe all the arguments in favor and against the ICC.

The ICC is the International Criminal Court. It is an international jury that prosecutes cases of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocides. It was created to assist already existing national judicial systems, when the court is unwilling or unable to prosecute or investigate the crimes I listed above. There are many arguments in favor and against the ICC. One that is against the ICC, is claims from many parties saying that the ICC targets people from Africa. Some that that human rights and freedoms are the U.N.'s job and the ICC is not under the control of the U.N. and that it should be. Some say that the ICC does not have enough limits to what it can do and it should be more restrained. One argument for the ICC is that it keeps other criminal courts in check. It also can put power behind weak criminal courts. It is a good thing that human rights and freedom are being promoted and protected all over the world.

What is the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878? Why is it significant?

The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 is a law that was passed ruing the Reconstuctin era in reaction to President Ulysses S. Grant's use of federal troops to monitor elections in the former Confederate states. It prohibited the armed forces from engaging in police activites such as seizure, search, and arrest within the borders of the United States. In the century and a half since, the issue has not really arisen. There has always been debate about military action domestically and terrorism has hightened the debate.

What is the Powell Doctrine?

The Powell Doctrine addresses national security and decisive force by supporting the idea that when military force is used it should be used "overwhelmingly and decisively" (301). It was developed in the late 1980s/early 1990s and was named after General Colin Powell who was the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time. The Powell Doctrine's principal application was in the 1990-01 Persian Gulf War.

Briefly describe the reasons that the US should be concerned with global public health. What are some challenges that face the US in terms of addressing global public health problems?

The US should be concerned with global public health because a lot of lethal diseases aren't restricted to the borders of a country. America should increase their efforts to contain and eliminate contagious illnesses. Additionally, there are severe discrepancies in the general health of some groups of people in comparison to others. Global public health is another issue in which traditional conceptions of state of sovereignty collide with the interconnectedness of a global age. China's invocation of its rights of sovereignty in the SARS outbreak impeded the capacity of the international community to respond. The crisis could have been much worse if the Chinese government had stuck to its position. Unless the norm of sovereignty as responsibility, not just the rights of states, continues to strengthen both in general and with the specific applicability to global public health, the risks of global pandemics will be even greater. Second, there are limits to any nation's capacity to deal with pandemic threats just through its own domestic policy. The "Vegas Dilemma", whereby what happens inside states doesn't stay inside states, pertains to pandemics as well. As with so many other globalization issues, a sound national policy is necessary but not sufficient. Avian flu and other global pandemics require global strategies. States where outbreak occur must have the capacity to deal with them in the early stages. Therefore, many experts advocate U.S. policies that emphasize building up the preventative and early detection capacities of other states, as well as the WHO's authority and resources as the fulcrum of global policy capacity.

What are the areas of debate surrounding the US foreign aid?

The areas of debate around foreign policy fall along the following lines. The first is that we must decide how much aid we want to supply. Despite being the developed country that gives the least amount of foreign aid in respect to national income, Americans still believe we give too much aid. We must also decide who our aid goes to. Officially, the US has favored helping third-world countries develop, but in reality most of our aid goes towards [state interest]. We must also decide what form our aid is going to take, either military or economic. Currently, our military aid accounts for just over 30% of our aid, though this fluctuates a ot depending on current events in the world. We must also decide what channels we want our aid to flow through. We can choose to provide bilaterally (country to country), multilaterally (through international organizations) or through a non-governmental organization. We must also decide if abortion and family planning should be a part of our aid. Along with that, we must determine the role of women in our aid, and make sure they are being empowered in places that they otherwise would be able to do very little. Finally, we must evaluate how effective our aid is. Aid does more good than it gets recognized for, and studies shown it is used more effectively when countries take a more clinical approach to assigning aid, and tailor their aid to individual countries and situations.

What is the argument for expanding the number of permanent UNSC members? What is the US position to expanding the UNSC?

The argument for expanding the number of permanent UNSC members is based on the belief that the United Nations Security Council no longer represents the global balance. The 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Counil are the United States, Russia, UK, France and China. These clearly reflect the global balance at the end of World War II. Today, the UNSC does not represent the world. For example France no longer holds its position as a strong financial contributor while Japan has proven it can it can contribute greatly financially. Prime Minister Mammohan Singh of India argues that the UNSC should take into account India's large population because currently the UNSC is leaving the worlds largest democracy unheard and unrepresented. Finally, UN Ambassaodor Aminu Bushir Wali argues that Nigeria has greatly contributed to peacekeeping thus they should also be considered for membership into UNSC. The US position to expanding the UN Security Council is not too clear they have said that "the long term legitimacy and viability of the UNSC depends on it's reflecting the world of the world in the 21st century." The United States has also supported India's bid into the UNSC.

What is globalization? Breifly describe the dynamics of globalization? Briefly describe the dimensions of globalization.

The basic dynamic of globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of the world across the state boundaries—an interconnectedness that affects governments, businesses, communities, and people in a wide range of policy areas. Although past eras also had global dimensions, what makes the dynamic driving contemporary globalization unique is that it is "wider," "deeper," and "faster" than ever before. Current globalization is also unique in its many dimensions, including economic, international finance, telecommunications and information technology, and social and cultural.

Briefly describe the policy challenges posed by global environmental problems. Briefly describe some examples of global environmental issues.

The book lists six types of policy challenges posed by global environmental issues. The first is the problem of "public goods and collective action." This is essentially the bystander effect at work. Countries remain inactive in solving a problem while waiting for other countries to take action. An example of this is global warming. It's a problem that affects all societies on the planet, but the collective effort to curb it has been lackluster at best. The second type is "balance between economic and environmental priorities." This is when a country will suffer financially, either through lost money or lost opportunities to get money, when they make an environmentally-friendly choice. A country that makes money on its oil is not going to want to encourage use of other fuel types. The third issue has to do with North-South equity. Countries in the "South" claim to have less responsibility for environmental issues because of their lack of resources. The fourth is the issue of enforcement. Measures have been taken to try and curb environmental issues, such as the ones through the UN, but enforcement is low, making them ineffective. Fifth is the environment as a peace and security issue. Scarcity of energy sources have led to violence throughout human history. Last is "the dilemma of prevention and the trade-off between immediate costs and future benefits." Many societies in the past have been unable to take into account the benefits of environmental safety and instead did the more immediately convenient thing, leading to their downfall.

Briefly describe the current approach to addressing North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

The current approach to North Korea's nuclear weapons program is to stop it as much as possible. The United States does not, under any circumstanes, want North Korea to have nuclear weapons. If North Korea was given nuclear weapons, there's no saying into how far they will go to use them and what other countries they'll use them against. At one point, many Americans believed that North Korea would get rid of all their nuclear weapons, but at this point there is no hope. Most Americans know that North Korea is adamant about keeping their nuclear weapons program alive. The United States has also not had communication with the most senior official of North Korea in over twelve months. Some Koreans say that if we began speaking with them, they would consider negotiating their nuclear weapons program.

Briefly describe the debate about whether to intervene in the case of Genocide/mass atrocities.

The debate on whether to intervene in cases of genocide is largely being consistant past American foreign policy versus humanitarian issues. In the past the US has largely not intervened with other countries experiencing genocide because as said about former Yugoslavia's "cleansing" by then Secretary of State "We don't have a dog in that fight." The same was true in Somalia and Rwanda, where the US did not intervene because it had no interest in either of those countries and thought it wasn't their problem. The obvious humanitarian issue is that innocent people are being slaughtered, which is never good. Other poeple say that the US's credibility is being challeneged by not intervening, by sitting by and letting these atrocities happen is against what the US says about supporting peace and democracy.

What are the five types of foreign policy interest groups according to Jentleson? How are they different? How influential is each group? Why? Who is AIPAC?

The five types of foreign policy interest groups are: Economic groups, Identity groups, Political issue groups, State and Local interest groups, and Foreign government. Each group is inherently different due to their core directives, motivating factors, and the form to which the organization actually exists in. Each group can be fairly influential in there own right, though the groups that maintain the strongest grip on politics is often those with vast amounts of money involved in the equation. This isn't due to greed or corruption, more to the fact that many foreign, state and local, or economical interest groups have industrial interests in one or more locations. By not supporting these groups, political figures often risk losing these jobs or investments for their state. This not being acceptable, thus the interest groups often get somewhat their way. AIPAC stands for the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee. The group is one of the most influential interest groups present in the Washington political scene with the exception of oil and arms groups. This group has often had a large role in influencing numerous foreign policies, especially in terms of those potentially directly effecting the Middle East and Israel.

What are the four patterns that characterize presidential-congressional foreign policy relations according to Jentleson? Briefly describe each one. Briefly describe the two theories that explain which pattern is likely to emerge.

The four patterns that characterize presidential-congressional foreign policy relations are cooperation, constructive compromise, institutional competition, and confrontation. When Congress either agrees with or deferred to the President in regards to a common policy, cooperation has occurred. When the executive and legislative branches have compromised to a policy better than either original policy, constructive compromise has occurred. When the conflicts are focused less on the policy's merits than institutional power and prerogatives, institutional competition has occurred. When policy positions have been in substantial conflict and the White House diplomacy has shown its greatest tensions, confrontation has occurred. The two theories to explain which pattern is likely to emerge are partisanship and constitutional-structural factors. The partisanship theory states if the same party controls both the White House and Congress, cooperation is dominant. If the same party does not control both, there is more confrontation. Constitutional-structural factors state that Congress and the president share power, as there is no definitive answer to constitutional intent for decision making in foreign policy.

What is Responsibility to Protect and its core doctrines? What are the conditions for justifying intervention according to this perspective?

The idea that individuals must be protected from mass killings and other violations of their rights and that the state in which they live in has the responsibility to protect them. If the state doesn't, the responsibility to protect core doctrine is to use coercive intervention to help those people. Conditions for justifying intervention include only using force as a last resort, there must be a just cause to use force, there must be proportionality of the military means, and there must be reasonable prospects for success.

. Briefly describe the "too high" and "not enough" interpretations of defense spending. What is the logic of each one?

The logic of "too high" defense spending is that the United States is spending too much on defense. In 2003, the defense budget was more than double Reagan's years, which was during the Cold War. Compared to other nations, the United States spends much more. The United States accounts for 40 percent of world military spending and spends more than the next 20 nations combined. The logic of "not enough" spending is that the United States is not spending enough on defense. When the Cold War budget is compared to the budget in 2003 it must be corrected for inflation, and when that is done it has only increased by 9 percent. Defense spending has also dropped from being 25 percent of the United State's budget in 1982 to 18 percent in 2003. China is also increasing their defense spending and building up their military, this is another reason defense spending is "not enough".

What is the difference between the mass public and the elite? What is the rally around the flag effect? What is the sensible public view? What are two key points for this view according to Jentleson?

The mass public is generally more uneducated and ignorant about foreign affairs whereas the elites are informed and more educated in general. The Rally Around the Flag effect is the idea that the mass public is sensitive and follows leaders blindly and can help build consensus easier. The sensible public view is the opposite of the rally around the flag effect and argues that the mass public is sensible about foreign policy. Two key points for the sensible pubic view are that they are relatively stable over time and that when public views on foreign policies have changed, it has been because of rational process rather than "moodiness"

What are the Constitutionally prescribed roles of the President and Congress in war powers, treaties, appointments, trade, and general powers?

The proscribed role of the President regarding war powers includes the role of Commander in Chief. The President shares war powers with Congress, which is given the power to declare war and provide for the common defense. Regarding treaties, the President is given the power to negotiate treaties while Congress is given the power to ratify treaties, by two-thirds majority of the Senate. As for appointments the President is given the power to nominate high- level government officials while Congress is given the power to confirm president's appointments. As for trade the President is not given any explicit powers, but treaty negotiations and appointment powers pertain. Congress is given the explicit power to regulate trade. Finally, as for general powers the President is given executive power; veto. Congress has legislative power, thus they have oversight and power for investigation.

What is global governance? Briefly describe the challenges of global governance?

The purpose of global governance is not the same as global government and is associated with globalization. Global governance is a "framework of rules, institutions and established practices that set limits and gives incentives for the behavior of individuals, organizations and firms" (p. 337). The term refers to the many global agreements that exist to solve problems between state and/or non-state actors when managing global affairs. Some of its challenges are: -closing the global governance-globalization gap: maximizing international trade and maintain stable international finance -widened the income gap within the International system: benefits some countries more than others -democracy deficit: are institutions like WTO and the IMF too much controlled by the west and other industrialized countries? Do they represent the less-developed countries as much as they are supposed to? -underside of globalization: thought that the increased interconnectedness between countries through these rules and institutions have given rise to drug/ human' arms trafficking.

Why has the US traditionally had better relations with Pakistan than India? Briefly describe the factors that make India stand out as an emerging world power?

The relationship the United States has had with Pakistan has been traditionally better than the relationship with India for many reasons. Going back to the cold war, the US had alread established better relations with Pakistan becuase they did not side with the Soviet Union. India had close ties with the Soviet Union, thus the US did not trust them. India though now has become a emerging world power becuase of its size. India not only has one of the largest populations of a country, but also has the worlds largest democracy. Because of this, India has a large global diplomatic role, has nuclear weapons as well. India is very pro globalization as the economy has one of the fastest growth rates becuase of the technological innovation they have.

Briefly describe the three unique strengths of the UN according to Jentleson.

The three unique strengths of the United Nations include its near-global membership, Security Council for legitimizing states' actions, and the full scope of the United Nations programs. The first strength of the United Nations is its near-global membership, which makes it a place where all of the international community can meet in order to discuss issues. In addition to this strength, another strength of the UN Security Council is it's "seal of approval" by either legitimizing or delegitimizing nation's claims as they can authorize the use of sanctions or force. The full scope of the United Nations is the third strength because the United Nations has a full global agenda including economic development, human rights, the environment, public health, the environment, and peace.

Briefly describe the two issues that relate to Judicial Processes and dealing with terrorists.

The two issues that relate are Secrecy and Military Tribunals. Secrecy is where what the public and press should have acess to information wise. Courts want to protect national security and the US when it comes to this issue. The consitution can become a problem because people have rights to a certain extent. Military Tribunals pertains to when prisoners should be allowed US rights. Terrorists at Guantanamo would be an example of this as the Supreme Court was allowed to rule against some legal claims. Some claims that were ruled against were habeas corpus and international human rights acts.

What is unilateralism? Multilateralism? How do they lead to different foreign policies? Briefly describe the six main points for a strategy of unilateralism and multilateralism.

Unilateralism- an approach to foreign policy that emphasizes the actions a nation takes largely on its own, acts with others but largely on own terms Multilateralism- emphasizes acting with other nations, more consultative and consensual, structured by international institutions Lead to different policies by multilateral arrangements benefiting a larger number and is more concerned with global governance whereas unilateral arrangements the one country acts on its own more often than not and is usually only worried about own self interest Six Points of Unilateralism 1. Unipolarity- only having one superpower 2. Power- everyone wants to have the advantage over others 3. Benevolent Hegemony- using power to promote peace and democracy 4. National, not global, interests- first priority should be taking care of your own country 5. Inefficacy of multilateralism- giving other countries a say in your foreign policy matters 6. Conservative Domestic Policies- protect American sovereignty Six Points of Multilateralism 1. International Institutionalism- building international institutions that form a basis of cooperation among states to revolve tension 2. Power-influence conversion- getting people to want to do what you want to do 3. Not-so-Benign Hegemony- can't just promote America's own self interest 4. National and Global Interests- if a choice has to be made national interest comes first 5. Correct, not reject- problems will occur; correct them don't just reject them 6. Liberal Domestic Policies- although multilateralism sees global governance as a good thing but they still want to see America as a leader of it all

What is the WTO? What is the G7 and G20?

WTO refers to world trade organization that was established in Jan 1, 1995 and headquarterd in Geneva. Now, it has 600 employees and 158 members (countries). WTO is designed as a stronger multilateral organization than its predecessor, GATT. It is formed as an formal institution and has full legal standing.WTO focuses on a free trade goal to maintain te process of reform and liberalization of trade policies. The G7 is a group of 7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, U.K. and the USA). They are finance minsters of developed nations that are the wealthiest in the world by net worth. The G20 is is an informal group of 19 nations and the EU with reps. from the IMF and the World Bank. The group began meeting in 1999 by the suggestion of the G7 and they meet every fall to discuss economic problems and possible solutions.

According to Jentleson, what factors had prevent the US from being able to stabilize Iraq after the fall of the Hussein regime (what has prevented the US from 'Winning the Peace') What were arguments for and against whether the surge succeeded?

• According to Jentleson, what factors had prevented the US from being able to stabilize Iraq after the fall of the Hussein regime (i.e. what has prevented the US from "Winning the Peace?")? What were the arguments for and against whether the surge succeeded? • One of the biggest problems that prevented the US from being able to stabilize Iraq after the war was security. Certain policy-makers didn't want to send the right amount of troops to Iraq to respond to the fall of Saddam Hussein because they wanted to keep public support for the war, so the troops that were there were unable to respond effectively. Another problem was Iraq's citizens' views of Americans (specifically, soldiers). There were many reports of soldiers raping and killing civilians, and this "profoundly damaged American claims to the moral high ground." • The "surge" was a major shift of strategy in Iraq. The new strategy (rather than withdrawing) would be a buildup of 30,000 more troops, with a revised counterinsurgency strategy. • Proponents of the surge noted that deaths of soldiers had dramatically decreased, as had deaths of civilians. The number of enemy-initiated attacks also decreased. • Opponents of the surge said that it hadn't resolved underlying tension. Political progress did not improve, and their economic progress was also slow.

Briefly describe three issues that define the debate over missile defense

• Technological effectiveness- If the system will work is a big question. While there has been major improvement in terms of efficiency there still isn't full certainty. • Cost- A lot of money has already been spent on missile defense in the last 30 years. Many people want overall defense budget cuts so it's difficult to justify spending more in terms of defense. • Strategic effectiveness- Will it contribute to security, since some states are duplicitous it's hard to know if the defense system will discourage them.

What is the Arab Spring? Briefly describe the societal dynamics influencing the Arab Spring? What challenges did the Arab Spring pose for US foreign policy?

• The Arab Spring is a term for the demonstartions and protests, riots, and civil wars that began around the Arab world in December 2010 and still continue today. Some of the societal dynamics involved in the Arab Spring are: • The "wizard of oz effect"- where people saw just how vulnurable the leaders of these oppressive countries really are. • Political repression- Some leaders rigged their election process, and in one case some children were arrested for a writing anti-government note on a bathroom wall. • Socioeconomic inequality- There was a wide gap between the rich and the poor, also most Arab countries were falling behind in GDP. • Corruption- Shop owners were being forced to pay bribes to local officials. Most royalty lived in luxury even though their country was poor. • Generational change- About 60% of the Arab population is under the age of 30 with the average being 26. The people sought after change from the old ways of their ancestors. • Gender- Women do not have the same rights as men in all Arab countries. • Arab Spring changed US foreign policy by forcing us to switch our viewpoints from being allies with countries just because their leader is friendly to focus more on issues that plagued each country.