American Government (5th Edition) Chapter 7 & Vocab [McClain, Tauber]

Which of the following is not one of the three presidential foreign policy-making powers granted by the Constitution? A. Declare war B. Receive foreign ambassadors C. Negotiate treaties D. Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces.

A. Declare war

Which of the following was not a characteristic of all U.S. presidents prior to 2009? A. White B. Male C. Protestant D. None of the above.

C. Protestant

A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings.

Caucuses

Prior to the 1950s, either ______________ declared war or ____________________ sent troops only into limited engagements without congressional authorization. In 1950, however, President __________________________ dispatched U.S. forces into the Korean conflict without the authorization of _____________.

Congress, presidents, Harry Truman, Congress

No individual in the custody or under the physical control of the United States Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

Detainee Treatment Act

Because individuals or corporations can donate an unlimited amount of money to Super PACs, they can ____________ political campaigns

Dominate

President Bush also authorized the use of __________ to attack suspected terrorists, despite the fact that these drones often killed _________________. Obama significantly ___________________ the drone program. Accordingly, he ordered ______ times more drone strikes than Bush did.

Drones, civilians, expanded, ten

The entity that selects the president and vice president, consisting of 538 electors chosen from the states and District of Columbia.

Electoral College

The status given to individuals captured in battle who do not belong to any national military force

Enemy Combatants

In the second stage of the presidential selection process, the two nominees _____________________________________.

Face each other in the general election

The Obama administration enforced ____________________________ by _________________________________________that did not actively address housing discrimination, but since 2020 the ___________________________________ has sought to end this enforcement strategy.

Fair housing law, limiting funding to cities, Trump administration

In 2016, Hillary Clinton and her allies raised _________________ money than Donald Trump and his allies did: ____________________ to ___________________________.

Far more, $973.2 million, $564.3 million

How many presidents have won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College vote in a presidential election?

Four

Although administrative power presumes that presidents will _________________________ of Congress, it often provides presidents themselves with the ability to shape public policy because they enjoy ______________________ when enforcing laws.

Fulfill the will, wide discretion

A set of treaties and international agreements controlling the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war during armed conflict.

Geneva Conventions

Shirley Chisholm was the first African American female to be elected to the __________________________________ in 1968.

House of Representatives

Gives the president absolute power to decide who is an enemy of our country and to imprison people indefinitely without charging them with a crime.

Military Commissions Act

In 2012, President Obama still outraised his Republican opponents, including his general election rival ______________________, but the margin was __________.

Mitt Romney, closer

Unlike the Senate, states' influence in selecting the president is __________________ to the state's population.

Proportional

The Obama administration emphasized enforcement of civil rights laws in an effort to limit _________________________ and ___________________________ and ____________________ against racial and ethnic minorities, religious minorities, women, and members of the LGBTQ+ community.

Racial profiling, stop housing discrimination, hate crimes

Modern presidents have increasingly ___________ on executive agreements as a way to avoid the ____________________ on their authority to negotiate with other nations.

Relied, Senate's check

Which major conflicts have presidents dispatched troops into without a congressional declaration of war?

The Korean War, Vietnam, the first Persian Gulf War, the Iraq War, the war in Afghanistan, and combat operations against ISIS

The presidential election is thus decided by separate elections in each of the 50 states, plus the District of Columbia, which receives __________ electoral votes.

Three

Once a candidate announces a bid for the presidency, he or she must raise considerable sums of money to pay for the extensive costs of _________, _____________, _______________, and ________________.

Travel, polling, advisers, advertising

The race for the 2020 Democratic nomination was quite diverse, there featured six candidates that were ____________, four candidates that were _________, and one that was openly ___________, that being ______________________.

Women, Jewish, LGBTQ+, Pete Buttigieg

In 1872, _________________________ became the first woman to run for president. She ran with former slave _____________________ as her vice-presidential candidate.

Victoria Woodhull, Frederick Douglass

How many times have formal Congressional War Powers been used since the 1950s?

Zero

In 1936, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the president as the _______________________ in __________________________________.

"Sole organ", foreign affairs

In _______, President ________________________ delivered the first televised State of the Union address during the daytime, and in _________, President Lyndon Johnson moved the State of the Union address to the evening to ____________________________________.

1947, Harry Truman, 1965, draw a larger audience

In _______, civil rights activist, ____________________ finished _______ in the battle for the Democratic Party nomination for president.

1984, Jesse Jackson, third

In ______, _____________________, won more votes and delegates than he had won in 1984, and he finished _____________.

1988, Jesse Jackson, second

The last time a cabinet member was rejected was in _______ when the Senate rejected President George H.W. Bush's choice of former Texas Senator _______________________ to be secretary of defense because of Tower's reputation for _______________________________ and __________________________________________, as well as his ___________________________________________________.

1989, John Tower, overuse of alcohol, mistreatment of women, financial dealings with defense contractors

Since the _________, presidential cabinets have become increasingly more diverse.

1990s

The U.S. Constitution gives the president an opportunity to recommend policy in Article __, Section __, which states that the president "shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient."

2, 3

Article __ of the Constitution creates the office of the vice president and alludes to "________________________________________________" but does not specify how presidents should organize their administrations.

2, public ministers and consuls

As of November 22, 2020, _______ Super PACs raised more than _______ billion and spent almost ______ billion in the 2020 election.

2,214, $2.5, $1.9

A total of ________ Super PACs raised more than ___________ billion and spent over __________ billion in the 2016 election.

2,393, $1.79, $1.06

In ________, successful president candidate Joe Biden raised approximately __________________ dollars, which is the most in American history. In contrast, Trump raised only about _______________________ dollars.

2020, one billion, 600 million

For a president to win, they must have at least ______ of the electoral votes

270

FDR served up to ___ terms

4

All presidents have been over ___ at the time of their inauguration, with most over the age of __.

40, 50

During Obama's presidency, he issued up to ____ signing statements. George W. Bush however, got to issue _____ during his presidency. Trump got to issue up to ____.

41, 160, 57

By the start of Trump's presidency, it was at ____%. Because of his scandals and controversial statements, it then declined to _____________% range.

45, Mid-30

Barack Obama was ___ when he was inaugurated, which makes him one of the youngest presidents, and Bill Clinton was even younger at __

47, 46

Al Gore received more overall popular votes nationally than Bush (________ percent to Gore, _________ to Bush). Because Bush was declared the narrow winner in states like __________ and ______, he was able to manage victory even though Gore stemmed wide victories from large states like __________________, ____________, and __________________________.

48.4, 47.9, Florida, Ohio, California, New York, Massachusetts

President Obama ended up winning handily in 2008, earning ______ percent of the ____________ vote and _______ percent of the __________________________ vote.

52.9, popular, 67.8, Electoral College

By the time Obama left office, his rating was about:

55%

Donald Trump was ___ at his inauguration, making him the oldest president in American history at the time of his inauguration. However, Joe Biden will far surpass that record because he will be ___ when he is inaugurated on January 20, 2021.

70, 78

As of 2019, New Hampshire is ________ percent White, and Iowa is ________ percent White.

93.1, 90.6

What is needed to override a presidential veto?

A two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress

During the first 50 years of the _____________________________________ (1789-1839), presidents negotiated ____________ as many treaties as executive agreements. However, since 1990, presidents have used executive agreements ________ times more often than treaties.

American Republic, twice, nine

In 2017, Trump withdrew his nomination for Secretary of Labor ___________________________ after reports emerged that his ex-wife accused him of _______________________________.

Andrew Pudzer, domestic violence

Congressional War Powers are granted within the Constitution by:

Article 1, Section 8

The Stewardship Theory, a theory of presidential power, talks of:

Article 2 conferring on the president, the power, and the duty, to take whatever actions are deemed necessary in the national interest, unless prohibited by the constitution or by the law.

Which article and section of the Constitution requires that the U.S. President be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the United States, and a U.S. resident for at least 14 years?

Article 2, Section 1

Which is not one of the positions on the White House Staff?

Attorney General

The administrative power of the president concerns the president's ______________ to enforce ________ and ensure that policies _____________________.

Authority, laws, take effect

Despite the ratification requirement, presidents possess the ________________ to __________________ from treaties without ______________ the Senate's consent. For instance, in 2002, President George W. Bush unilaterally withdrew the U.S. from the ___________________________________________ with Russia to pursue a space-based missile defense system.

Authority, withdraw, seeking, Anit-Ballistic Missile Treaty

If the president neither signs nor vetoes a bill within 10 days while Congress is in session, the bill:

Automatically becomes law.

Scholar Russel Riley shows that both premodern and modern presidents, including Lyndon B. Johnson, __________________ taking the lead on ___________________________ unless ______________________and ________________________ sufficiently pressured them to do so.

Avoided, civil rights action, public opinion, social movements

What was true about Barack Obama?

Barack Obama outraised his primary and general elections opponents only in 2008.

Two years into Donald Trump's presidency, House Republicans _______________________________ charges that the Trump campaign conspired with ___________ and Trump ___________________________ to cover up the conspiracy.

Barely investigated, Russia, obstructed justice

Which president enjoyed higher support among Blacks than Whites?

Bill Clinton

Who is not in the closest circle to the president within the executive branch? A. Vice president B. Presiden't's spouse C. Cabinet D. None of the above

C. Cabinet

The key presidential aides, each of whom heads an executive branch department, as well as others that the president designates.

Cabinet

The requirement that the Senate provide its approval for the president's executive branch nominees provide an example of the legislative branch's:

Check on the executive branch's administrative power.

Who presided over the impeachment process?

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

A key assistant to the president who coordinates executive branch employees and serves as a link between other presidential advisers and the president.

Chief of Staff

A controversial statement that Trump signed was his disagreement with a bill that sanctioned ___________ for its _____________________________________, an Islamic ethnic minority group living in China. The law constrains the president's ability to remove the sanctions, but Trump rejected that portion of the bill, arguing that "_________________________________________________________________________."

China, persecution of the Uyghurs, it interferes with the president's conduct of diplomacy

Eleanor Roosevelt publicly voiced her opinions on the social justice issues of the day, including _____________________ for ______________________. After Franklin Roosevelt's death, she continued to serve the U.S. when Harry Truman appointed her as ______________________________ to the United Nations.

Civil rights, racial minorities, American representative

Women did not lead one of the four major executive departments until the ______________ administration, when women served as __________________ and ______________________________________.

Clinton, attorney general, Secretary of State

Scooter Libby was pardoned by the ___________ administration for his ________________________________.

Clinton, innate activities

President George W. Bush appoints __________________________ as Secretary of State, which is the first time a non-White had been named to this position, or any position in the inner cabinet

Collin Powell

The president operates particular models which are:

Competitive model, formalistic model, and Collegial model

The Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) not only prepares the budget but also works with ________________ in support of the president's fiscal policies.

Congress

The power granted by the Constitution (in Article 1, Section 8) to Congress to decide when the United States goes to war.

Congressional War Powers

There are several theories that describe how presidents use their power. The theory that describes presidents who follow the U.S. Constitution closely while limiting their presidential authority is:

Congressionalist (Look over video)

During George W. Bush's presidency, the use of signing statements became more ______________________ because he used them to _____________ aspects of laws requiring better treatment of ____________________ captured in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Controversial, ignore, detainees

Super PACs cannot do which of the following?

Coordinate with the campaign of a political candidate.

In terms of foreign powers, the modern presidency has usurped legislative authority in the areas of:

Declaring war and treaty ratification

Established by Congress in 1849, managed expanding American land, as well as to control the native people who inhabited that land.

Department of the Interior

Although not directly members of the cabinet, _______________________________, _________________________, and _________________________________ assist cabinet members in the performance of their duties, and all are important executive branch figures as well.

Deputy secretaries, undersecretaries, assistant secretaries

President Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 because he:

Dismissed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, but he was not convicted.

A period in which the president is of one political party and the majority of one or both houses of Congress are of the other party.

Divided Government

The White House staff contains key advisers on ________________________, _________________________, _________________________, and __________________________ with the public.

Domestic policy, foreign policy, legal counsel, communication

What reflects the outcome of the 2016 presidential elections?

Donald Trump won the Electoral College, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote

In 1955, President Eisenhower appointed __________________________________ as White House Administrative Officer for special projects; he was the first African American to have a key position on the White House staff

E. Frederic Morrow

Unlike cabinet officers, who are selected largely for political reasons, ________________________ are selected primarily for their expertise; thus presidents often prefer to consult with the _____ instead of the cabinet.

EOP officials, EOP

At times, a signing statement can even indicate areas that the president intends not to _______________. Presidents have used signing statements since the administration of ________________________, but their use has increased tremendously since the _____________.

Enforce, James Monroe, 1980s

President Bush took other extraordinary powers in the name of fighting terrorism after 2001. He allowed "__________________________________________________________" to be used on people captured in Afghanistan and in the subsequent war in Iraq. The most controversial technique was ________________________.

Enhanced interrogation techniques, waterboarding

Agreements between the president and foreign nations that, because they are not treaties, do not need the approval of the Senate.

Executive Agreements

A part of the executive branch that is divided into specific offices and contains key advisers who assist the president in managing the executive branch and developing policies.

Executive Office of the President

Directives that the president issues to subordinates in the executive branch and that have the force of law.

Executive Orders

The president's ability to exert administrative power in the area of policy making is most directly seen in:

Executive Orders

Presidential authority to keep some of the communications among executive branch personnel private and free from Congress, the courts, and the public.

Executive Privilege

How have modern presidents gotten around the legislative check on foreign powers by way of treaty ratification?

Executive agreements

Article 2 of the Constitution grants presidents the power to nominate:

Executive branch officials, ambassadors, and federal judges.

In 1974, President Richard Nixon declared __________________________________ to prevent a special prosecutor investigating Watergate from listening to audiotapes of his conversations with executive branch officials.

Executive privilege

The Cabinet consists of the ________________ departments and there are ____. The president gets to _________ it, and Congress gets to _________ it.

Executive, 15, select, approve

Super PACs are _______________________________ in elections because unlike campaigns, which are restricted in how much money they can raise from individuals or corporations, they are able to raise ___________________________.

Extremely influential, unlimited funds

Kamala Harris is not only the ________ female vice president, but she is also the first _______________________ in that position. She is also the first __________________________ vice president

First, woman of color, Asian-American

In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College due to key states like ______________, _____________________, ____________, and ______________. On several occasions, President Trump claimed that the only reason that Hillary Clinton won the popular vote is that three million __________________________________ voted _________________..

Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, undocumented immigrants, illegally

Another example of a candidate receiving the popular vote but losing to the electoral college, was the presidential election of 2000. The results from the state of _________ were disputed because of problems with ___________, as well as widespread reports of difficulties that _________________ had faced when ______________.

Florida, ballots, minorities, voting,

Presidency scholar Richard Neustadt explains that presidents are _________________ to persuade members of Congress by _____________________ with congressional leaders.

Forced, bargaining

Although the _______________ of the Constitution recognized the necessity of a national executive branch, they were wary of __________________ power. As a result, the U.S. Constitution provides for only limited _________________ powers.

Framers, executive, presidential

Over a decade after women won the right to vote, Franklin Delano Roosevelt chose the first woman cabinet secretary, __________________________.

Frances Perkins

The first African American to serve as Director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Clinton from 1996 to 1998.

Franklin Raines

Which president is associated with the beginning of the modern presidency?

Franklin Roosevelt

An example of executive orders that have affected racial and ethnic politics:

Franklin Roosevelt's 1943 Executive Order 9066, forcibly relocating more than 100,000 Japanese Americans from their homes to internment camps in the desert. However, in 1941, Roosevelt advanced racial and ethnic quality by issuing Executive Order 8802, which banned racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination in the federal government and in defense companies under contract with the federal government.

Who served as both Secretary of Homeland Security and Chief of Staff within President Trump's administration?

Gen. John Kelly

In 1984, Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale chose ______________________________ as the first ______________ running mate on a major party ticket, before losing to Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.

Geraldine Ferraro, female

Lincoln suspended ________________________. That is, he kept people in prison __________________________ a trial

Habeas Corpus, without giving them

[Presidential election of 2000] Although the Florida Supreme Court required a hand recount of votes in counties with disputed ballots, the U.S. Supreme Court ___________ the recount, arguing that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the _______________________________________________________. This decision then gave the electors of the state of Florida, and the presidency, to __________________________.

Halted, recount rules be uniform for all counties throughout the state, George W. Bush (R)

The Civil RIghts Act of 1990 was designed to make it easier for minority employees to sue employers for discrimination. President George H.W. Bush threatened to veto the bill because he believed what?

He believed that technical legal language in the bill would lead to racial quotas.

What was accurate about Trump's 2016 campaign?

He tended to garner more votes in states with higher concentrations of Whites

Which first lady was qualified to serve in a formal capacity in her husband's White House?

Hillary Clinton

The 2008 presidential elections were also notable for having ___________________________________________ as the first female candidate to launch a significant campaign. She was the early favorite to win the _________________________________ before losing to Barack Obama. New Mexico governor ________________________________ also became the first major ____________ candidate.

Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY), Democratic nomination, Bill Richardson (D-NM), Latino

The types of programs that presidents advocate depend on their _______________ and ____________________________. Generally, Republican presidents like George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan, propose ________________________________ on social welfare programs, restricting _______________________________, lessening _________________________________, and decreasing ____________.

Ideology, political party, cutting domestic spending, abortion rights, business regulations, taxes.

The types of programs that presidents advocate depend on their _______________ and ____________________________. Democratic presidents like Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, seek increases in __________________________________________ on education, expansion of _______________________________________, and preservation of the ________________________.

Ideology, political party, federal domestic spending, health insurance coverage, environment

The process by which the House of Representatives charges a president, vice president, or federal judge with a high crime or misdemeanor; the Senate can then decide to remove that official from office with a two-thirds vote.

Impeachment

In 1990, President George H.W. Bush pocket-vetoed the _________________________________, which would have provided advantages for American Indian-owned companies bidding for ________________________________.

Indian Preference Act, federal contracts

Presidential powers that are defined by the nature of the job as opposed to specifically defined in the Constitution

Inherent

Because the Framers feared executive tyranny, they wanted to ensure that Congress could prevent the executive branch from becoming too powerful. As a result, congressional committees ______________________________________________________ within the executive branch.

Investigate corruption or incompetence

Traditionally, ________ holds the first caucus and _____________________ holds the first primary.

Iowa, New Hampshire

Because Obama's appeal cut across racial and ethnic boundaries, he was able to win predominantly White states, such as __________, _____________, ____________________, __________, and ___________________.

Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Minnesota

Trump ended two major executive agreements that Obama negotiated: a deal with ________ to stop their ______________________________________ in exchange for _____________________________________ and a multinational agreement to ___________________________ emissions in an effort to ___________________ climate change.

Iran, nuclear weapons production, ending sanctions on Iran, curb greenhouse gas, ameliorate

In the formalistic model, the president:

Is "at the top" in a pyramid scale, has a bureaucratic administration, establishes clear lines, minimizes their involvement in mundane matters, has the Chief of Staff acting as a buffer (example: Nixon, Truman, Eisenhower, Reagan)

In the Collegial model, the president:

Is at the center of a "Hub-of-a-wheel model", revolves more on teamwork, highly interactive, has a lot of discussion, group problem-solving, and connecting with advisers (examples: George H. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush)

It is clear that _______________ won the popular vote by approximately four percentage points (_____________________________). He also won a majority of electoral votes: ________ to Trump's ______.

Joe Biden, over six million votes, 306, 232

Until 2009, all presidents were White, male, and Christian. In fact, except for Catholics _____________________ and _________________, all other presidents have been ______________.

John F. Kennedy, Joe Biden, Protestant

President Trump deviated from all his recent predecessors in ____________ when he announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the _____________________________________________________.

July 2020, United Nations World Health Organization (WHO)

President Herbert Hoover's vice president, Charles Curtis, a member of the _____ tribe, was thus the first ___________________ vice president.

Kaw, non-white

President Obama appointed ________________________________ as attorney general, and she was the first African American woman to serve in that position.

Loretta Lynch

Heading into Trump's reelection campaign in 2020, his approval remains in the _____________% range because of dissatisfaction with his handling of the Coronavirus.

Low 40

Hillary Clinton was not as successful as Obama in generating turnout because overall voter turnout in 2016 was the _____________ in terms of percentage since _______.

Lowest, 1996

During Donald Trump's presidency, he proposed:

Major tax cuts, repealing the Affordable Care Act, building a wall along the U.S-Mexico border, stopping corruption, and investing in infrastructure

Who is NOT in the line of succession to the presidency?

Majority Leader

A president's claim to Congress that his election victory signifies the public's support for his policy preferences.

Mandate

Obama started in the mid-60 percent range, but opposition to his health car bill and an initially sluggish economic recovery caused his approval to decrease to the _______________% range by early 2012

Mid-40

Since Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, the conception of the presidency, which is characterized by a powerful president who seeks to lead Congress, connects with the American public, and presides over an enormous executive branch.

Modern Presidency

Condoleezza Rice (2001-2005) and Susan Rice (2013-2019) are the only minorities (and minority females) who served as the:

National Security Advisor

By Election Day, Obama's approval rating was:

Over 50%

Article 2 grants presidents the power to ___________________________________________________________________________. A reprieve ___________________ a sentence, but the conviction ____________, whereas a pardon completely _____________ the conviction.

Pardon and grant reprieves to convicted federal criminals, alleviates, remains, erases

The Congressionalist Theory, a theory of presidential power, talks of:

People operating on limited authority, that authority is only what is actually stated in the Constitution, and they act on it as defined within the constitutional parameters.

President Clinton was impeached in late 1998, charged with:

Perjury and obstruction of justice because he lied to investigators about an extramarital affair. The Senate declined to convict Clinton as well.

An important element of the president's policy-making role entails _______________________________________ to enact his legislative proposals

Persuading Congress

The president can draw on which informal power in order to get his or her agenda passed?

Persuasion, political rewards, and going public

Nineteenth- and early twentieth- century presidents:

Played a relatively limited role in the political system.

A way for the president to overturn a bill passed by Congress when the president does not act on a bill within 10 days of passage (excluding Sundays) and Congress adjourns in the meantime.

Pocket Veto

Aside from the State of the Union address, what is another way the president attempts to influence legislative policy?

Presentation of the annual budget

Other examples of executive orders:

President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9981 that desegregated the armed forces in 1948. Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246, which required that businesses contracting with the federal government "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."

A member of the president's staff who conducts daily briefings with members of the media.

Press Secretary

A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election.

Primaries

_______________________________ is a crucial tool that presidents use to convince Congress to pass their desired legislation.

Public approval

________ and ________________ are central to American politics and to the presidency in particular.

Race, ethnicity

In 2017, Trump's pardon of former Maricopa County, Arizona, Sheriff Joe Arpaio was extremely controversial. Arpaio was convicted of criminal contempt because he continued to _____________________________________ as part of his crackdown on illegal immigration, despite a court order to _________ his discriminatory actions. Arpaio was facing possible jail time when Trump __________________ him.

Racially profile Latinos, cease, pardoned

Occasionally, the Senate has ____________________ treaties that presidents negotiated, but the Senate ________________ the vast majority of treaties. It rejected the __________________________________ at the end of World War 1 because __________________________ opposed the requirement that the United States commit military troops to European conflicts.

Rejected, approves, Treaty of Versailles, too many senators

The first African American trade representative, and formerly known as the first black mayor of Dallas, Texas.

Ron Kirk

In the election of 1876, Democrat _____________________ won the popular vote but received ____________ electoral votes than Republican ______________________________. In 1888, the incumbent Democratic president won the ________________ vote but received _________ electoral votes than Republican _______________________________.

Samuel Tilden, fewer, Rutherford B. Hayes, popular, fewer, Benjamin Harrison

In 1789, Congress created four cabinet positions, which are often referred to as the "Inner Cabinet":

Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, and Attorney General

In the competitive model, the president:

Seeks competition among advisers, they create dependency, all problems are resolved by the president, micromanage (example: Jimmy Carter)

It is up to the _________ to declare war

Senate

There is, however, a check on the presidential appointment power because most appointments are subject to __________________________. For the most part, the Senate approves presidents' executive branch nominations, but it has occasionally rejected nominees for ______________________________, such as _______________________________ or display of ______________________________________.

Senate confirmation, character-related reasons, dishonest financial dealings, inappropriate behavior

In accordance with the Constitution, who is the president NOT in charge of nominating?

Senators

Who was the first African American to seek the presidency on a major party ticket?

Shirley Chisholm

Presidential declarations issued along with legislative bill signings that express reservations about parts of a bill or announce an unwillingness to enforce aspects of a bill.

Signing Statements

An annual occasion in which the president speaks before Congress to suggest laws that Congress should pass

State of the Union Address

Emerged in 2010, political action committees allowed to raise an unlimited amount of money from any source, including individuals, corporations, labor unions, and interest groups. These committees are then allowed to spend this money in support of or opposition to any political candidate, including people running for president, so long as their activities are not directly coordinated with a campaign.

Super PACs

As of July 2020, Joe Biden received more support than Donald Trump did from ___________________ and ________________________, and Super PACs spent _____________________ overall advocating for ___________________ than they did advocating for ______________.

Super PACs, outside groups, less money, conservatives, liberals

The 2016 campaign has also featured a diverse set of candidates. Two Cuban Americans, Senator _________________________, and Senator __________________________ ran competitive races for the Republican nomination, but they both lost to the eventual nominee ____________________. There also included an African American, retired neurosurgeon __________________, and a female candidate, former business executive ___________________ before dropping out of the race in early 2016.

Ted Cruz (R-TX), Marco Rubio (R-FL), Donald Trump, Dr. Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina

Which is least likely to be involved in deliberative meetings with the president?

The Cabinet

Which position is not a part of the "inner Cabinet"?

The Secretary of the Interior

Which two processes have contributed to the lack of diversity of presidential candidates?

The selection process and the campaign finance process

Why did the Framers only provide for limited presidential powers as expressed in the U.S. Constitution?

They were wary of significant executive power.

A president could serve up to 10 years if the person who is serving has _____ years or less on their time, they can serve the rest of the president's time and get re-elected _______.

Two, twice

President Trump claimed that he granted Roger Stone the reprieve because he received an _________________________, whereas his critics argued that the president was trying to ____________________________________ and avoid continued questions over __________________________________________________________________________.

Unfair trial. protect his friends, Russian interference in the 2016 election

A period in which both houses of Congress are controlled by the same party as the president.

Unified Government

By Summer 2008, Bush's approval rating was in the:

Upper 20/ low 30 percent range

Shortly after the attacks of 9/11/2001, Bush enjoyed approval ratings in the upper 80 percent range, and during the early months of the Iraq War, his rating was in the:

Upper 60 percent range

In United States V. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court ruled that presidents can use executive privilege to protect information related to the official functioning of the executive branch, but they cannot ________________________________________________________________________________________.

Use it to shield themselves from investigation of wrongdoing.

The president's ability to cancel legislation passed by Congress.

Veto Power

Article 2, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution, stipulated that the person who received the second highest number of electoral votes would serve as _________________________, but the ______ Amendment and the development of political parties allowed voters select the president and vice president as a team.

Vice President, 12th

If the president of the U.S. is incapacitated, does, resigns, is for any reason unable to hold his/her office, or is removed from office, he/she will be replaced in the following order:

Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Secretary of State, Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General .........

There are many divisions within the executive branch. The closest circle comprises the _______________________ and the president's _____________. The circle then extends out to include the _________________, the ___________________________ of the President, and the ______________________________.

Vice president, spouse, cabinet, Executive Office, White House Staff

The president's chief of staff is a member of the:

White House Staff

The president's personal advisers, who do not need senatorial approval when appointed and provide critical political and policy advice to the president.

White House Staff

President Trump was impeached in late 2019 for ________________________________ and _________________ of Congress because he threatened to withhold congressionally _____________________________________________ unless its government investigated his likely Democratic opponent, former Vice President Joe Biden.

abuse of power, obstruction, authorized military aid for Ukraine

Presidents employ a variety of strategies to impel Congress to agree to support their policies, including the threat of a veto. They must exercise caution when threatening a veto because Congress could put the president in the undesirable position of having to __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

choose between vetoing popular legislation and surrendering to Congress

At the end of 2007 and in early 2008, President Bush angered many _______________________________, as well as members of _______________, when he issued a signing statement indicating that he could ignore some of the sanctions that Congress has imposed on the _____________________________________ for egregious _________________________________ it was committing in _____________.

civil rights leaders, Congress, government of Sudan, human-rights violations, Darfur

The presidential selection process is divided into two stages, both of which eliminate many candidates. In the first stage, Candidates vie for the Democratic or Republican Party nomination by _______________________________________________ and the _____________________. The candidate who receives a majority of the party's delegates is selected as the party's _____________.

competing for delegates in each state, several territories, nominee

Our system awards each state a number of electoral votes based on how many representatives ___________________ send to the U.S. House, plus _____ more to represent the number of senators each state has.

each state, two

The 2008 presidential elections was historic because for the first time Americans _______________________________ to be president

elected a non-White candidate

The process of running for president, including both the nomination process and the general election, is extremely ________________.

expensive

A significant reason for Obama's successful fundraising was his campaign's ability to use __________________________________________ that target individual contributors according to each person's ________________, _______________________, and _____________. The Obama campaign also used these techniques to encourage people to _______.

high-tech data-mining techniques, online activity, social media use, purchases, vote

In the private sector, the hiring of personnel is a ____________________________ task; similarly, the president's appointment power is an essential part of the presidential __________________________________.

key administrative, administrative function

The Framers designed the presidency primarily to exert ____________________________ on policymaking; instead, the president should focus on ____________________ the nation and ___________________________________ enacted by Congress

minimal influence, protecting, administering policies

It is possible for a candidate to win more ___________ votes than his or her opponent but lose in the __________ College and not become president because a candidate could narrowly win in enough key states but lose by large margins in other states.

overall, Electoral,

In closed primaries, only ________________ members of the party can vote in their party's primary, and in open primaries, any ________________ voter, regardless of party registration, can receive _______________________ major party ballots when he or she shows up at the __________.

registered, registered, one of the two, polls

President Trump granted a ______________ to political operative ______________________, who was convicted of _____________ and _____________________ and ____________ to Congress. Stone's conviction stemmed from his involvement with __________________ who interfered in the 2016 campaign on behalf of _____________.

reprieve, Roger Stone, witness, tampering, lying, Russians, Trump

President Trump's nomination of Betsy DeVos to be the Secretary of Education resulted in a ________________ that Vice President Mike Pence had to break. Every Democrat and _______ republicans voted against DeVos because of her lack of ______________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________, and _________________________________________________________. This vote was the first time that the vice president needed to break a ____ to confirm a cabinet ___________________.

tie vote, two, experience in public education, favoritism of private schools over public schools, weak performance in her confirmation hearings, tie, secretary

Article 2 of the Constitution gives the president the authority to negotiate treaties, but it requires that ___________________ of the Senate ratify a treaty for it to take effect.

two-thirds