American Government Exam 3
Racial and ethnic minority political candidates are
less likely than White political candidates to be covered by the media
important public face-offs between candidates discussing issues in a variety of formats and through a variety of media
debates
The White House press secretary is responsible for
conducting daily briefings with members of the media
The White House press corps is responsible for
covering the president and key executive branch officials
The intentional or unintentional racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations and in the targeting of racial minority communities for the siting of pollution-producing industries or hazardous waste sites is referred to as
environmental racism
voting in elections provides an example of
expression of public opinion
social, economic, and/or political demonstrations are examples of
expressions of public opinion
the divisions that develop within a movement that could weaken it or cause its demise
factionalism
One of the major problems with politics coverage on the Internet is
facts are less likely to be verified
The media's ability to shape how viewers interpret political events and issues is known as
framing
A person who profits from the activities of others without participating in those activities is known as
free rider
The difference between men and women on such crucial issues as partisan identification and voting for certain candidates is known as the
gender gap
the part of election campaigns conducted using "pavement pounding" methods including candidate public appearances, voter registration and mobilization, fundraising, and public opinion polling
ground war
The heavily regulated money that is directly raised by political candidates is referred to as _______ money
hard
What helps to account for racial differences in opinion regarding the degree of racism against Blacks in the United States?
life experiences that differ by race play a major role.
Race will always persist as a significant political factor
not an assumption of pluralism
Campaign activity devoted to undermining the public's confidence in and support for another candidate is known as
opposition research
The _______ press refers to newspapers and other forms of media geared toward specific racial and ethnic minority groups.
parallel
The organization that determines the national party goals, devises electoral strategies, creates regulations and governing rules for the party, and raises funds for the party and its candidates is known as the national
party committee
A statement a political party produces at its national convention that summarizes the basic policy principles of the party is known as a
party platform
If an electoral system is known as a "first past the post" (FPTP) system, then a candidate must get a _______ of the votes to win
plurality
The attitudes, beliefs, and values that undergird or are at the foundation of a political system are known as
political culture
Mass organizations that seek to elect candidates to public office and influence policymaking are known as
political parties
Partisan identification is specific to the
political party an individual most identifies with
The process through which a person gains political understanding and forms a set of political beliefs is known as
political socialization
Prior restraint refers to government attempts to censor the press by
preventing the publication of apparently objectionable material
an election system or method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election
primaries
The media's ability to influence how the public perceives politicians and candidates by way of its own evaluation techniques is known as
priming
Government attempts to censor the press by preventing the publication of apparently objectionable material is called
prior restraint
an election system in which the entire state, or a region of the state, selects several representatives, and the top vote-getters are awarded seats
proportional representation
The collective opinions of large segments of the population on an issue, candidate, or public policy on which the public might be much divided and lack consensus is referred to as _______ opinion.
public
The financing of election campaigns by the American public through tax allocations as distinct from private fundraising by candidates is known as
public funding
to get an independent or third-party candidate included on a ballot
purpose of a nomination petition
An interest group engages in litigation as a technique through the
pursuit of its goals by challenging the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions
type of sampling in which individuals to be interviewed are selected based on their proportion or quota in the general population being polled
quota sampling
Nearly all major political parties in the United States have at some point found themselves dangerously divided over _______ issues.
racial
A view that the costs of large groups collectively organizing are high and the benefits to individual members are relatively low is known as
the logic of collective action
A practice by Southern state Democratic parties in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries intended to disenfranchise Blacks by preventing them from voting in the crucial Democratic Party primary elections was known as a _______ primary
white
an election system in which each state is divided into geographical regions (districts), and a single representative, who wins by receiving the most votes even if it is not a majority, represents each district.
winner-take-it-all
The South used to be solidly
Democratic, but now leans Republican
The development of which two parties marked the beginning of the American two-party system?
Democratic-Republicans and Federalist Party
Which of the following constitutes one main way in which interest groups are differentiated from one another: Racial versus nonracial, Economic versus noneconomic, Systematic versus nonsystematic, Religious versus nonreligious
Economic versus noneconomic
General elections determine which candidate will obtain office
How do general elections differ from primary elections?
Which of the following most directly challenges pluralism?: Logic of collective action, Iron triangle, Interest group power, None of the above
Iron triangle
attempt to hide their biases in their reporting
Journalists
Which of the following is increasing most quickly in terms of its influence on politics: The Internet, Television, Weekly magazines, Newspapers
The internet
Why do people develop and engage in social movements?
They have very little political power and political access otherwise
The media's ability or power to influence the importance the public places on issues is known as
agenda setting
A theory of politics that contends that power is group-based and that, because there are multiple points of access within American government, each group possesses an equality of opportunity when competing with other groups for power and resources is known as: interest group theory, pluralism, both of the above, Neither of the above
both of the above
Journalists who are not accused of wrongdoing are protected by the: First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, Both of the above, Neither of the above
both of the above
the difference between how Black candidates poll and how they perform at the ballot box is known as the _______ effect.
bradley/wilder
On the whole, the most important aspect of the media is that it is a: source of entertainment, business, source of rumors, All of the above
business
Social movements decline because of all of the following except: catalytic leadership, factionalism, overwork and burnout of activists, changing public opinion
catalytic leadership
The presence of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement exemplifies
catalytic leadership
election system or method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings
caucuses
A principal objective of a social movement is to
change public policy
The first major televised social movement was the _______ movement.
civil rights
What issue was the main cause of the South's loosening ties to the Democratic Party throughout the twentieth century?
civil rights
A period when voters abandon their ties to the political parties, resulting in a balance of power between the two major parties, is known as
dealignment
Why did Blacks, Mexican Americans, American Indians, and women have to use social movements to address their grievances, rather than legislative means?
did not have adequate access to political means and resources within the government.
An election in which voters select the person to represent the party in the general election by voting for the candidates on the ballot is called a(n) _______ primary
direct
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is an _______ interest group.
economic
process of working actively on behalf of a political candidate or political party
electioneering
Private organizations whose members act together to influence public policy to promote their common interests are known as
interest groups
bureaucratic policymaking in which policy making is dominated by congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies
iron triangle
An interest group is less likely to be effective if it
is not viewed by legislators as important or reliable
communication of data or opinions to a government decision maker in an effort to influence a specific decision
lobbying
Political parties in a two-party system that are not one of the dominant two political parties are known as _______ parties.
minor
The NAACP is a _______ interest group
noneconomic
A primary election in which a voter does not have to declare a political party affiliation but may participate in the primary election of any party is called a(n) _______ primary
open
The concept that competition among groups is the basis for public policy creation and political outcomes in a democratic government best reflects
pluralism
general term for a sample selected in accordance with probability theory, which ensures that every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
probability sampling
Unlike our election system in the U.S., in a _______ system, states or regions select several representatives to a legislative chamber, with the top vote-getters winning the seats.
proportional representation
Complaints against the political system by a group of people who agree generally on the causes of the complaints are known as
shared grievances
Rampant problems with sexual harassment and the inability to progress beyond employment positions at a particular level exemplify
shared grievances
An environment receptive to the ideals and demands of a social movement is known as a
supportive environment
Racial minorities traditionally have been _______ in the media industry.
underrepresented
The influence of _______ is increasing the quickest among the various media options.
the internet
Of the following, who is more likely to. identify as Republican based on a 2020 Pew poll: White men without a college degree,Those who live in rural communities,Those who regularly attend religious services,All of the above
All of the above
Party identification and partisan support often correspond to: racial group, religious group, socioeconomic status, All of the above
All of the above
Why have some social movements failed?: Loss of leadership, State repression, Danger faced in participating in the movement, All of the above
All of the above
which of the following is a part of political culture in America: Exclusion (inegalitarianism), Freedom, Equality, All of the above
All of the above
Dealignment is marked by: relatively balanced competition between two parties, decreased allegiances to political parties, Both of the above, Neither of the above
Both of the above
People tune in to faux-news comedy programs, such as The Daily Show, to: -get a satirical take on the social, economic, and political issues of the day. -obtain significant analysis of recent political happenings. -Both of the above -Neither of the above
Both of the above
How did some of the Framers attempt to encourage public opinion to swing in favor of ratifying the Constitution?
By publishing the Federalist Papers
How do governments engage in childhood political socialization?
Schools
How does the use of the voting-eligible population (VEP) to calculate voter turnout alter more traditional measures using voting-age population (VAP)?
VEP demonstrates that voter turnout is slightly higher than generally thought
Which of the following social movements was meant to decrease, rather than increase, the general population's access to the political system and social, economic, and political power?: Civil rights movement, Women's rights movement, White supremacist/separatist movement, LGBT rights movement
White supremacist/separatist movement
The presence of social activists who create or recognize opportunities to galvanize people to organized action is known as
a catalyst
Any benefit that is available to one member of the community cannot be denied to any other, regardless of whether he or she bore any of the costs of providing it, is known as
a collective good
A comparatively small set of people carefully drawn from a larger population to reflect its overall characteristics is known as
a sample
An event that energizes and coalesces a social movement is known as
a shared grievance
Increasing public opinion supporting gay marriage might exemplify
a supportive environment
the part of an election campaign conducted through broadcast media including radio, television, and the Internet
air war
The voting-eligible population (VEP) is all U.S. _______ that still have voting rights.
citizens 18 years or older
A primary in which only registered party members can vote in their party's election to choose the party's candidate or delegate is called a(n) _______ primary
closed
Pressure groups are bound together by
common interests
A period when voter allegiances toward the political parties shift for an extended period of time, resulting in one party emerging as dominant, is known as
realignment
The voting-age population (VAP) is all U.S. _______
residents 18 years or older
A second election held in some states if no candidate in the primary election receives a majority of the votes is called a(n) _______ primary
runoff
small set of people carefully drawn from a larger population to reflect its overall characteristics
sample
________ error refers to the degree of expected error in sampling results that comes from estimating the responses of the population from a sample
sampling
The inability of homosexual partners to marry, to have hospital visitation rights, and to be able to obtain adequate governmental protection from physical harm would be considered
shared grievences
A sustained challenge to those in power put forth by individuals, acting in concert with others, who have been excluded from the political process or who consider themselves political outsiders is known as
social movement
A sustained challenge to those in power put forth by individuals, acting in concert with others, who have been excluded from the political process or who consider themselves political outsiders is known as a(n)
social movement
Unregulated campaign donations that can support party infrastructure but cannot directly support campaigns are referred to as _______ money
soft
the administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from a particular population to measure opinion is known as _______ research
survey
an increase in gender consciousness and in the number of women in the male-biased workforce has contributed to
the gender gap
