American Government Exam 3

Racial and ethnic minority political candidates are

less likely than White political candidates to be covered by the media

important public face-offs between candidates discussing issues in a variety of formats and through a variety of media

debates

The White House press secretary is responsible for

conducting daily briefings with members of the media

The White House press corps is responsible for

covering the president and key executive branch officials

The intentional or unintentional racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations and in the targeting of racial minority communities for the siting of pollution-producing industries or hazardous waste sites is referred to as

environmental racism

voting in elections provides an example of

expression of public opinion

social, economic, and/or political demonstrations are examples of

expressions of public opinion

the divisions that develop within a movement that could weaken it or cause its demise

factionalism

One of the major problems with politics coverage on the Internet is

facts are less likely to be verified

The media's ability to shape how viewers interpret political events and issues is known as

framing

A person who profits from the activities of others without participating in those activities is known as

free rider

The difference between men and women on such crucial issues as partisan identification and voting for certain candidates is known as the

gender gap

the part of election campaigns conducted using "pavement pounding" methods including candidate public appearances, voter registration and mobilization, fundraising, and public opinion polling

ground war

The heavily regulated money that is directly raised by political candidates is referred to as _______ money

hard

What helps to account for racial differences in opinion regarding the degree of racism against Blacks in the United States?

life experiences that differ by race play a major role.

Race will always persist as a significant political factor

not an assumption of pluralism

Campaign activity devoted to undermining the public's confidence in and support for another candidate is known as

opposition research

The _______ press refers to newspapers and other forms of media geared toward specific racial and ethnic minority groups.

parallel

The organization that determines the national party goals, devises electoral strategies, creates regulations and governing rules for the party, and raises funds for the party and its candidates is known as the national

party committee

A statement a political party produces at its national convention that summarizes the basic policy principles of the party is known as a

party platform

If an electoral system is known as a "first past the post" (FPTP) system, then a candidate must get a _______ of the votes to win

plurality

The attitudes, beliefs, and values that undergird or are at the foundation of a political system are known as

political culture

Mass organizations that seek to elect candidates to public office and influence policymaking are known as

political parties

Partisan identification is specific to the

political party an individual most identifies with

The process through which a person gains political understanding and forms a set of political beliefs is known as

political socialization

Prior restraint refers to government attempts to censor the press by

preventing the publication of apparently objectionable material

an election system or method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election

primaries

The media's ability to influence how the public perceives politicians and candidates by way of its own evaluation techniques is known as

priming

Government attempts to censor the press by preventing the publication of apparently objectionable material is called

prior restraint

an election system in which the entire state, or a region of the state, selects several representatives, and the top vote-getters are awarded seats

proportional representation

The collective opinions of large segments of the population on an issue, candidate, or public policy on which the public might be much divided and lack consensus is referred to as _______ opinion.

public

The financing of election campaigns by the American public through tax allocations as distinct from private fundraising by candidates is known as

public funding

to get an independent or third-party candidate included on a ballot

purpose of a nomination petition

An interest group engages in litigation as a technique through the

pursuit of its goals by challenging the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions

type of sampling in which individuals to be interviewed are selected based on their proportion or quota in the general population being polled

quota sampling

Nearly all major political parties in the United States have at some point found themselves dangerously divided over _______ issues.

racial

A view that the costs of large groups collectively organizing are high and the benefits to individual members are relatively low is known as

the logic of collective action

A practice by Southern state Democratic parties in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries intended to disenfranchise Blacks by preventing them from voting in the crucial Democratic Party primary elections was known as a _______ primary

white

an election system in which each state is divided into geographical regions (districts), and a single representative, who wins by receiving the most votes even if it is not a majority, represents each district.

winner-take-it-all

The South used to be solidly

Democratic, but now leans Republican

The development of which two parties marked the beginning of the American two-party system?

Democratic-Republicans and Federalist Party

Which of the following constitutes one main way in which interest groups are differentiated from one another: Racial versus nonracial, Economic versus noneconomic, Systematic versus nonsystematic, Religious versus nonreligious

Economic versus noneconomic

General elections determine which candidate will obtain office

How do general elections differ from primary elections?

Which of the following most directly challenges pluralism?: Logic of collective action, Iron triangle, Interest group power, None of the above

Iron triangle

attempt to hide their biases in their reporting

Journalists

Which of the following is increasing most quickly in terms of its influence on politics: The Internet, Television, Weekly magazines, Newspapers

The internet

Why do people develop and engage in social movements?

They have very little political power and political access otherwise

The media's ability or power to influence the importance the public places on issues is known as

agenda setting

A theory of politics that contends that power is group-based and that, because there are multiple points of access within American government, each group possesses an equality of opportunity when competing with other groups for power and resources is known as: interest group theory, pluralism, both of the above, Neither of the above

both of the above

Journalists who are not accused of wrongdoing are protected by the: First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, Both of the above, Neither of the above

both of the above

the difference between how Black candidates poll and how they perform at the ballot box is known as the _______ effect.

bradley/wilder

On the whole, the most important aspect of the media is that it is a: source of entertainment, business, source of rumors, All of the above

business

Social movements decline because of all of the following except: catalytic leadership, factionalism, overwork and burnout of activists, changing public opinion

catalytic leadership

The presence of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement exemplifies

catalytic leadership

election system or method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings

caucuses

A principal objective of a social movement is to

change public policy

The first major televised social movement was the _______ movement.

civil rights

What issue was the main cause of the South's loosening ties to the Democratic Party throughout the twentieth century?

civil rights

A period when voters abandon their ties to the political parties, resulting in a balance of power between the two major parties, is known as

dealignment

Why did Blacks, Mexican Americans, American Indians, and women have to use social movements to address their grievances, rather than legislative means?

did not have adequate access to political means and resources within the government.

An election in which voters select the person to represent the party in the general election by voting for the candidates on the ballot is called a(n) _______ primary

direct

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is an _______ interest group.

economic

process of working actively on behalf of a political candidate or political party

electioneering

Private organizations whose members act together to influence public policy to promote their common interests are known as

interest groups

bureaucratic policymaking in which policy making is dominated by congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies

iron triangle

An interest group is less likely to be effective if it

is not viewed by legislators as important or reliable

communication of data or opinions to a government decision maker in an effort to influence a specific decision

lobbying

Political parties in a two-party system that are not one of the dominant two political parties are known as _______ parties.

minor

The NAACP is a _______ interest group

noneconomic

A primary election in which a voter does not have to declare a political party affiliation but may participate in the primary election of any party is called a(n) _______ primary

open

The concept that competition among groups is the basis for public policy creation and political outcomes in a democratic government best reflects

pluralism

general term for a sample selected in accordance with probability theory, which ensures that every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

probability sampling

Unlike our election system in the U.S., in a _______ system, states or regions select several representatives to a legislative chamber, with the top vote-getters winning the seats.

proportional representation

Complaints against the political system by a group of people who agree generally on the causes of the complaints are known as

shared grievances

Rampant problems with sexual harassment and the inability to progress beyond employment positions at a particular level exemplify

shared grievances

An environment receptive to the ideals and demands of a social movement is known as a

supportive environment

Racial minorities traditionally have been _______ in the media industry.

underrepresented

The influence of _______ is increasing the quickest among the various media options.

the internet

Of the following, who is more likely to. identify as Republican based on a 2020 Pew poll: White men without a college degree,Those who live in rural communities,Those who regularly attend religious services,All of the above

All of the above

Party identification and partisan support often correspond to: racial group, religious group, socioeconomic status, All of the above

All of the above

Why have some social movements failed?: Loss of leadership, State repression, Danger faced in participating in the movement, All of the above

All of the above

which of the following is a part of political culture in America: Exclusion (inegalitarianism), Freedom, Equality, All of the above

All of the above

Dealignment is marked by: relatively balanced competition between two parties, decreased allegiances to political parties, Both of the above, Neither of the above

Both of the above

People tune in to faux-news comedy programs, such as The Daily Show, to: -get a satirical take on the social, economic, and political issues of the day. -obtain significant analysis of recent political happenings. -Both of the above -Neither of the above

Both of the above

How did some of the Framers attempt to encourage public opinion to swing in favor of ratifying the Constitution?

By publishing the Federalist Papers

How do governments engage in childhood political socialization?

Schools

How does the use of the voting-eligible population (VEP) to calculate voter turnout alter more traditional measures using voting-age population (VAP)?

VEP demonstrates that voter turnout is slightly higher than generally thought

Which of the following social movements was meant to decrease, rather than increase, the general population's access to the political system and social, economic, and political power?: Civil rights movement, Women's rights movement, White supremacist/separatist movement, LGBT rights movement

White supremacist/separatist movement

The presence of social activists who create or recognize opportunities to galvanize people to organized action is known as

a catalyst

Any benefit that is available to one member of the community cannot be denied to any other, regardless of whether he or she bore any of the costs of providing it, is known as

a collective good

A comparatively small set of people carefully drawn from a larger population to reflect its overall characteristics is known as

a sample

An event that energizes and coalesces a social movement is known as

a shared grievance

Increasing public opinion supporting gay marriage might exemplify

a supportive environment

the part of an election campaign conducted through broadcast media including radio, television, and the Internet

air war

The voting-eligible population (VEP) is all U.S. _______ that still have voting rights.

citizens 18 years or older

A primary in which only registered party members can vote in their party's election to choose the party's candidate or delegate is called a(n) _______ primary

closed

Pressure groups are bound together by

common interests

A period when voter allegiances toward the political parties shift for an extended period of time, resulting in one party emerging as dominant, is known as

realignment

The voting-age population (VAP) is all U.S. _______

residents 18 years or older

A second election held in some states if no candidate in the primary election receives a majority of the votes is called a(n) _______ primary

runoff

small set of people carefully drawn from a larger population to reflect its overall characteristics

sample

________ error refers to the degree of expected error in sampling results that comes from estimating the responses of the population from a sample

sampling

The inability of homosexual partners to marry, to have hospital visitation rights, and to be able to obtain adequate governmental protection from physical harm would be considered

shared grievences

A sustained challenge to those in power put forth by individuals, acting in concert with others, who have been excluded from the political process or who consider themselves political outsiders is known as

social movement

A sustained challenge to those in power put forth by individuals, acting in concert with others, who have been excluded from the political process or who consider themselves political outsiders is known as a(n)

social movement

Unregulated campaign donations that can support party infrastructure but cannot directly support campaigns are referred to as _______ money

soft

the administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from a particular population to measure opinion is known as _______ research

survey

an increase in gender consciousness and in the number of women in the male-biased workforce has contributed to

the gender gap