American Government poli ch 5

The Nineteenth Amendment was passed in

1919.

Which of the following was not included in the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

banning poll taxes and literacy tests

What event(s) garnered national attention for Martin Luther King, Jr., and led to a decisive Supreme Court case?

bus boycott

Which of the following was the goal of the second wave of the women's rights movement?

equal legal rights for women

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution

gives every man the right to vote, regardless of color.

Which of the following refers to the legal right to bring lawsuits in court?

standing to sue

The Montgomery bus boycott was considered a success because

the protests garnered national media attention and public sympathy. the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional.

How many states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment one year after its passage?

36

Which of the following is true of the decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

It recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental liberty under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Slave Act in 1850 was an attempt by the U.S. Congress to stall or prevent the secession, or separation, of southern states from the Union.

Fugitive

The first people of African descent to arrive in the New World landed in

Jamestown.

Which of these required the strict separation of racial groups in education, employment, and public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants?

Jim Crow laws

Which of the following was a key turning point in the Civil War?

Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation

The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877, when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt, is known as the

Reconstruction era.

Which popular book bolstered the abolitionists' efforts to actively challenge slavery in the United States?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Who was Dred Scott?

a slave who sued for his freedom by arguing that he was emancipated as soon as his owner took him into free territory

Intentional efforts to diversify the student body in higher education are known as

affirmative action.

Constitutionally imposed responsibilities are called

civil rights.

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court determined that separate but equal facilities

did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

The rule that exempted individuals from conditions on voting if they or their ancestors had been eligible to vote before 1870 is called the

grandfather clause.

When did most of the momentous victories made by civil rights activists finally begin?

mid-20th century

Homer Plessy was ______ African American.

one-eighth

tax was a fee levied for voting that often presented an insurmountable obstacle to poor African Americans in the Jim Crow South.

poll

Identify the characteristics that are considered inherent.

race sex religion national origin

In the post-Reconstruction South, the federal government

seemed to abandon African Americans and the quest for equality under the law.

When first written, the Constitution

treated people of African descent as property.

Because the Black Lives Matter movement has no central organizing structure like previous civil rights movements, which of the following have happened?

Activists identified with the movement through the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. Other groups with similar fears and concerns were able to join with the movement. The movement expanded beyond issues of police violence to included environmental racism.

During the first century of our nation's history, which of the following groups was involved in the national debate about equality?

African Americans

________Codes were laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of "freemen."

Black

Which law, passed by Congress and also known as the Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act, made it a federal crime to deprive individuals of their rights, privileges, and immunities?

Civil Rights Act of 1872

In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court declared which act unconstitutional?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Which document listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee to women, including the right to vote and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men?

Declaration of Sentiments

The Black Lives Matter movement grew from protests in ______ following the shooting death of an unarmed teenager by a white police officer.

Ferguson, MO

In Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to marry is a fundamental liberty protected by which amendment of the Constitution?

Fourteenth

Which constitutional amendment did the Commission on the Status of Women urge the federal government to pursue in lawsuits in order to encourage proper interpretation of the equal protection clause?

Fourteenth Amendment

that part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was unconstitutional.

In Shelby County v. Alabama (2013), the Supreme Court found

What important discriminatory issues were women raising by the 1960s?

Men had better employment opportunities and higher pay. Men had more educational opportunities. Women were unable to obtain credit without having a male cosign the loan.

Despite southern opposition, which of the following was passed by Congress in 1820 to deal with slavery in the newly acquired western territories?

Missouri Compromise

Which 1971 Supreme Court case used the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to find a law that discriminated against women unconstitutional?

Reed v. Reed

Which of the following occurred in the 1960s as the result of the civil rights movement?

Segregation in public schools ended. Public accommodations were desegregated. Universal suffrage was promoted.

The Declaration of listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee women, including the right to vote and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men.

Sentiments

Which of the following describes Rosa Parks's best known act of resistance?

She refused to leave her seat in the front of the bus to make room for a white passenger.

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1862

established the abolition of slavery as a war goal.

One outcome of the Coalition of Federated Organization's work in the 1964 Summer Project was the

establishment of the Freedom Democratic Party and a promise to integrate future delegations to the Democratic Convention.

In the late 20th century, the main focus of gender-equity activism was on

how the law could prevent or punish private behavior that harmed women based on their gender.

Most African Americans today are the descendants of Africans who were forcibly brought to the New World beginning in 1619, when twenty Africans arrived in Jamestown as chattel slaves and ______ servants, workers with a fixed term of service.

indentured

Characteristics such as race, religion, national origin, or sex, which are protected by government assurances of civil rights, are called

inherent characteristics.

Which of the following voting requirements was declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

literacy requirements

In the post-Reconstruction South, what tactics were used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote?

literacy tests that were designed to be more difficult for African Americans whites-only primaries to select party nominees poll taxes, or fees, required for voting

n 1971, using the Blank scrutiny test established in the 1873 Bradwell case, the Court ruled that discriminatory treatment of women was unconstitutional.

ordinary

The initial goal of the NAACP in the modern era of civil rights was to

overrule the separate but equal doctrine.

What has been at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in America?

people disagreeing strongly about what "equal treatment" requires

The Black Lives Matter movement

should be viewed in the context of American history.

True or false: Following the passage and enforcement of voting laws in the South, record numbers of African Americans have won election to office.

True Reason: All states, especially those in the South, have seen an enormous increase in the number of African Americans elected to serve in offices at the state, county, and local levels.

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 both expanded the rights of many Americans and provided them with protections from discrimination.

True Reason: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 included provisions that mandated equality on numerous fronts.

The test a court uses to determine whether unequal treatment is illegal depends on

the inherent characteristic that is the basis of the differential treatment.

Which of the following are events that eroded feelings of white goodwill toward the civil rights movement?

the urban riots in Watts the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in Memphis, Tennessee

What was the purpose of the ADA Restoration Act of 2008?

to broaden the definition of impairments that are covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act

At the time that the U.S. Constitution was adopted, how did some states continue to permit persons of African descent to be enslaved?

Some of the most important provisions of the new federal Constitution treated enslaved African Americans as property.

What did President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation accomplish?

-It prevented Britain and France from intervening in the Civil War on the southern side. -It abolished slavery in the states that had seceded from the Union.

True or false: The concept of "equal protection of the laws" is defined explicitly by the Constitution.

False Reason: People disagree strongly on the meaning of "equal protection of the laws," which has been a stated constitutional guarantee since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.

True or false: Early civil rights advocates such as W. E. B. Du Bois fought for separate but equal treatment for minority groups.

False Reason: The civil rights movement actually fought for equal treatment from the government, public accommodations, and educational institutions.

In 1850, which law(s) required federal marshals to return runaway slaves or risk a $1,000 fine?

Fugitive Slave Act

Which of the following individuals propelled the civil rights movement onto the national stage?

Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks

Which of the following did proponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) argue regarding the strict scrutiny test?

The test should be used in sex-based discrimination cases. The Constitution should be amended to explicitly guarantee equality of rights under the law regardless of sex.

How did the Republicans with a radical view toward Reconstruction differ from their more moderate colleagues?

They believed that those southerners who had supported the Confederacy should be kept out of national and state politics.

How do counter-protests like "All Lives Matter" or "Blue Lives Matter" misunderstand the Black Lives Matter movement?

They see it as merely a challenge to law enforcement.

True or false: Mississippi has not elected an African American to state-wide office since Reconstruction.

True Reason: More African Americans serve as local elected officials in Mississippi than any other state, but an African American has not been elected to a state-wide office since Reconstruction.

In terms of inherent characteristics, people disagree about whether or not the list should also include which of the following categories?

disability sexual orientation age

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal protection clause

What two events inspired many northerners to begin to actively challenge slavery?

he publishing of Uncle Tom's Cabin the trial and execution of John Brown over the incident in Harpers Ferry

De _________ segregation refers to legally mandated segregation of the races, whereas, de ________segregation refers to segregation in employment, housing, and education.

jure and facto

African American civil rights victories were the result of which of the following?

new national media covering the struggle the movement's strong leadership effective strategies used by activists

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited

private businesses and organizations from discriminating in hiring decisions based on inherent characteristics.

Which of the following make it more difficult for the Black Lives Matter movement to achieve their goals?

seeking broad social changes rather than change to a specific law or policy a lack of an institutionalized structure

The primary focus of the #MeToo movement is

sexual violence and coercion.

Which of the following were strategies of civil disobedience used by civil rights groups?

sit-ins mass marches

A report by the Department of Justice in the killing of Michael Brown found

systematic oppression of Black citizenry by the police.

The national courts have established ______ that the government uses to determine when unequal protection under the law is legal.

tests

The law that was passed by Congress in the aftermath of the violent murders of activists in Mississippi, intending to eliminate discriminatory local and state government registration and voting practices, was called

the Voting Rights Act of 1965.