Worksheet 7
frame rate in HD video, 23.976. It is a 0.1% speed reduction of 24fps to convert it to TV ~ frame rate in US film applications, 24. Originally used in non-linear editing of film ~ European frame rate in TV, 25, it is the standard for HD video ~ 30, used in very often in editing and also Flying Faders
.List the four (4) most common frame rates (from lowest to highest). Identify what each rate us, some history behind it and what it is used for.
MIDI
1980's musical instrument digital interface
SPDIF
2 audio channels encoded in a serial data stream that are unbalanced using an RCA phono plug
AES/EBU
2 audio channels encoded in a serial data stream transmitted through an XLR balanced line
65,536
A 16 bit word uses _ (number) discrete voltage steps to code amplitude
DANTE
A combination of software, hardware, and network protocols that deliver uncompressed, multi-channel, low-latency digital audio over a standard Ethernet network using Layer 3 IP packets is known as
Amplitude
All recorded numbers, or binary digits in a digital recording represent:
HFS +
Apple initialization known as extended and journalized. Supports block addresses of 32bit files
MP3
Audio coding format that uses a form of lossy data compression
BWF
Based on Microsoft RIFF. Allows metadata in header. Used for archival
the sample rate has to be a minimum of 2x the max frequency that is being recorded
Briefly define the "Nyquist Limit" is (not the theory)
EuCon
Developed by Euphonix _ is a high-speed Ethernet protocol that allows for information of faders, knobs, displays, etc to be controlled by a control surface and the host recording software application utilized by the computer
Jitter
Deviation in the periodicity of a waveform in relation to a reference clock source that causes changes in overall shape of a waveform is known as
DSD
Direct Stream Digital. One bit with a 2.8MHz sampling rate. SACD stored in this format
Sample Rate
During the digital recording process, the number of measurements taken per second is called the
EIDE
Enhanced Integrated Device ~ 80-pin serial cable/bus controller with transfer rate of 60-100 MBps.
ESATA II
Enhanced Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ~ Serial cable/bus controller with transfer rate at 1.5-3.0 GBps.
True
Even though individual digital clocks found in interfaces are accurate, they do run at different speeds at the same speed
1000^6
Exa
MTC is a form of SMPTE that is encoded. Midi interface is used with a 5-pin midi cable with timecode.
Explain how MTC works
FAT
File Allocation Table. Partition size limited to 2GB. 16bit block address
Optical
Format also refered to as lightpipe
TDIF
Format developed by Tascam
FLAC
Free Lossless Audio Codec. Supports 192 kHz 24 bit uncompressed file
1000^3
Giga
2
How many measurements did Harry Nyquist discover were needed to represent a waveform?
Wordclock
If a series of digital devices are connected, their _ inputs and outputs should be synchronized
quantization, bit depth
In digital audio, dynamic range is called (a) , or (b) _
compression, rarefraction
In regard to Nyquist's measurements, the positive, or crest of the waveform represents the _ while the negative or trough is called the _.
Type, 1/10
In regards to dither, what is deemed acceptable many times depends on the _ of the source material. Less than _ (fraction) of one bit is added.
IDE
Integrated Device ~ 40-pin serial cable/bus controller with transfer rate of 16-33 MBps.
Dither
Intentional noise added to randomize quantization error caused when downsampling and/or lowering the bit rate is called:
1000
Kilo
Linear Time Code
LTC is an abbreviation for:
MP3
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III
Midi Time Code
MTC is an acronym for
1000^2
Mega
NTFS
New Technology file system
HFS
Older apple version for initializing a HD previous to IOS 10. 16 bit block address
RedNet
Originally developed by Audinate as "Digital Audio Network Through Ethernet", the audio manufacturer Focusrite developed modular network-based audio interfaces known as_ that harness the quality of digital audio being transferred over an audio networking system
6
Overall dynamic range is calculated by multiplying bit depth by how many dB (number)?
FAT32
PC Initialization supporting large HD with 32 block address. Read/write on windows and Mac. Max file size = 4GB. Max volume size = 2TB
1000^5
Peta
AIFF
Reduced amount of data designed to sound like the original uncompressed audio
Bandwidth
Reducing an audio file size with data compression lowers the sampling rate, or the _ of the recording
SCSI
Small Computer Systems Interface ~ began with an internal bus transfer rate of 5 MBps in 1986 and later maxed out at 640 MBps in 2003
SPDIF
Sony Phillips digital interface
1000^4
Tera
1 hours, 3 minutes, 12 seconds, and 15 frames AND a time code address
The Following numbers 1:03:12:22 represent:
96 kHz
The Highest recordable frequency of a 192 kHz digital recorder is?
1 hour, 29 minutes, 15 seconds, and 2 frames
The address 01:29:15:02 represents what specific values?
10
The approximate file size of an uncompressed stereo, one minute, 16-bit sample at 4444.1 kHz is (number of megabytes
Sample Rate
The frequency response of digital recording is referred to as its
the sound quality is very good with digital recordings. It is very clear and has very little noise. Also, it is much more efficient because the quality does not go bad.
The most revolutionary aspect of digital recording is:
LTC
The synchronization button engages on the expanded transport in Protools that outputs time code is labeled as
144
Theoretically, a 24-bit file should have a dynamic range of _ (number) dB.
10 Gbits/sec
Thunderbolt
20 Gbits/sec
Thunderbolt 2
40 Gbits/sec
Thunderbolt 3
True
Thunderbolt 3 uses a USB Type-C connector
True
Time code is a form of metadata
timing reference for editing -the synchronization of video and musical performances -the exact location for the placement of level, pan, and timbre changes
Timecode is vital to the integration of film, video and audio because it helps provide:
1000^8
Totta
MP4
Using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file about 1/11 the size
BNC
What connector (acronym) is used in a wordclock cable?
A drive partition is used to divide a hard drive up into separate units as if each partition is its own hard drive. This improves efficiency because the the drive operates within smaller sections. A hard drive can be split up into different sections to make workflow and file management easier.
What is a drive partition? What purpose(s) do they serve?
A digital file used to identify interleaved different media data types. Audio formats or audio and video streams with meta data along with synchronization info needed to play back.
What is a multimedia container?
Is an algorithm that compresses and decompresses data in software. Hardware ~ analog converts to digital then back to D/A
What is an audio codec? In software? In hardware?
It reduces the amount of data needed to make high-quality sound. It is advanced because it is able to block out excess noise that people hear. It is used with audio data compression
What is perceptual coding? What is it based on? Where is it used? How does it work?
110
What ohm level (number) is digital audio cable?
SMPTE
What specific synchronization standard was named after the society of motion picture and television Engineers to label individual frames of video or film?
Coaxial
What type of cable is used to connect wordclock?
SMPTE
What type of synchronization must be generated for FLYING FADERS to follow PROTOOLS and locate its exact positions in time (acronym)?
You avoid time based errors being introduced.
Why does digital signal need to remain the same throughout its transfer life?
1000^7
Zetta
Sample Rate, Hz
_ _ is the frequency at which an imaging or synchronization device displays and generates consecutive images from an individual snapshot in time. The term applies equally to film and video cameras, computer graphics, motion capture systems and audio. It is expressed in _ (abbreviation)
Ethernet
_ is a system for connecting multiple computers that form a local area network with protocols to central information between them
Wordclock
_ is used to generate a constant bit rate between several digital devices connected at the same sample rate
MADI
allows up to 64 channels of digital audio to be sent on one coaxial cable
AES/EBU
audio engineering society/ european broadcast union
HDMI
combined video and audio into a single interface with a bandwidth of up to 5 GBs/sec
Thunderbolt
combines pci express and display port technology producing transfer rates up to 10 GBit, intell lightpeak in 2011
Firewire
developed by Apple. Standardized as IEEE 1394. Actually preceded USB.
TDIF
format carrying 16 channels of a digital audio on a single 25 pin cable
TOSLINK
format carrying 8 channels of a digital audio on a single optical cable
MADI
multi-channel audio digital interface
MIDI
protocol allowing synths, drum machines etc to communicate or control one another via a 5 pin cable
SATA
serial transfer technology attachment ~ Serial cable/bus controller with transfer rate of 150 MBps to 300-600 MBps.
USB 2.0
universal serial bus limited to 480 ml transfer rate
USB 3.0
universal serial bus w/ transfer rate of up to 5 Gbit/s