American History 1865-Present CH 28-30

Iranian Revolution

- (1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Whitewater

- (WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player - A series of scandals during the Clinton Administration that stemmed from a failed real estate investment from which the Clintons were alleged to have illicitly profited. The accusations prompted the appointment of a special federal prosecutor, though no indictments.

What is the Anti-War Movement?

- 1965, growing US involvement in Vietnam changed New Left's agenda - Millions of young men faced the draft - About 200,000 ignored draft notices, 4,000 served prison sentences for doing so - 56,000 qualified for conscientious objector status - Some fled to Canada or Sweden - Others ceremoniously burned draft cards in front of tv cameras - Vietnam was a "poor man's" fight - Americans divided into two factions, Hawks and the Doves - Hawks supported the war - Doves opposed war

Kissinger

- 1973, Kissinger had CIA finance military coup in Chile to overthrow elected socialist leader - Replaced with a brutal, military regime - Kissinger argued that US had right to limit democratic disorder in Latin America, in order guard against "evils of communism" - Kissinger intervened with conflict in Israel, in order to protect energy resources

The Gulf War

- A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq - A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.

Affordable Care Act

- An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition. Also referred to as "Obamacare", signed into law in 2010. - $940 billion law

What is the Youth Revolt?

- Baby boomers began attending college, about 8 million youth enrolled - Many universities had become research contract institutions, dependent upon grants from federal government - Young people became disillusioned with government and other kinds of "authority" - Two new groups emerged: New Left and Counterculture

What is Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)?

- Campus-based organization influenced by tactics of civil rights movement - 1962, SDS met with 60 young activists who wanted to design a strategy to remake the US into a democratic society - Drafted the Port Huron Statement which began with: - "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit." - Felt that US could restore its founding principles if power was given to the people

Clinton's focus on Domestic Sphere

- Clinton planned to focus on domestic affairs, but issues in the Middle East forced him to change his tactics - Palestinians and Israelis fought over West Bank -1993, Pres brokered peace treaty between respective leaders - Lasted for two years, until Israeli prime minister was assassinated

President Trump

- Elected into office in 2016 -Multimillionaire who had no political experience - First 100 days of his presidency were tumultuous - Despite campaign promises, Trump was unable to repeal and replace Obamacare or build a wall on the southern border of the United States

Counterculture

- Hippies focus on changing lifestyles rather than changing politics. - in pursuit of personal liberation they rejected pursuit of wealth and careers and instead embrace simple living, authenticity, friendship, peace, and freedom. - preferred to "drop out" rather than change political systems - Slogan was "Make love not war"

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

- Largest marine oil spill ever Oil released as a plume at great depths Bloom of hydrocarbon-degrading Gammaproteobacteria, Colwellia, and Cycloclasticus Early growth of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria may have reduced environmental impact. - Ultra-deepwater offshore oil drilling rig. In April 2010 an explosion on the rig killed 11 men and Deepwater Horizon sank, resulting in the largest offshore oil spill in United States history. After the incident, Obama issued an executive order saying no new drilling in the Gulf was allowed at depths greater than 500 feet. This was unpopular with the people along the coast. Oil companies filed suit against Obama's executive order, a federal judge lifted Obama's order and drilling was allowed to continue.

End of the USSR

- Reagan focused attention on USSR - Soviet economy had stagnated, Communist party was losing support due to corruption, and lost war in Afghanistan - 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev took office - Oct. 1985, Reagan and Gorbachev met at summit in Iceland to discuss nuclear arms - 1988, George H.W. Bush was elected - 1991 after slavic republics, ukraine, belarus, russia formed a commonwealth it fell.

US Involvement in Nicaragua

- Reagan set out to overthrow Sandinista gov in Nicaragua - Sandinistas led successful coup on brutally corrupt dictator, Somoza - Reagan armed anti-Sandinista "Contras" - Called them "freedom fighters" who battled in the spirit of America's Founding Fathers - Most Contras had served under Somoza - Reagan allowed CIA to help Contras mine Nicaragua's harbors - Mines damaged foreign ships, liberals and conservatives condemned Pres's actions

Sexual Revolution

- Sexual revolution of 1960s = loosening of traditional restrictions on social behavior - Core of the Revolution was that women enjoyed sex just like men - Feminists felt it was about female empowerment - During 60s, most Americans became more tolerant of premarital sex, and women becoming more sexual active - Before 1964, the Pill was only available to married women - Conservatives of the time feared women's promiscuity and blamed the Pill - The fear and stigma of premarital pregnancy was gone - The Pill had widespread popularity, allowing for the rise of the single culture - Unfortunately, a rise in sexual transmitted diseases rose due to the sexual revolution

Terrorist attack on 9/11

- Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism. - A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. - Terrorism dominated Bush administration - Became an almost instant global attack - Bin Laden found ability to lead al Qaeda - Angered by Saudis for allowing US to use lands for Iraqi invasion - Began directing terrorist network aimed at striking US - Primary mission was religiously based, and had no homeland

Boland Amendment

- The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua. - an act passed by congress that said the president could not support the Contras; Reagan ignored it during the Iran-Contra affair - Congress adopted the Boland Amendment which explicitly prohibited CIA to spend money to support the Contras, directly and indirectly - Through all failures of Middle East and Latin America, Reagan remained popular and was voted into office for second term

Donald Trump Impeachment Trial

- The second impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, occurred on January 13, 2021, one week before his term expired. It was the fourth impeachment of a United States president, and the second for Trump after his first impeachment in December 2019. - the House approved two articles of impeachment against President Trump, making him the third president in history to face removal by the Senate on February 2021 - The President was impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.

Hurricane Katrina

- This natural disaster hit New Orleans in 2005, making the Bush administration look bad - Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

- an important trade agreement creating a huge zone of cooperation on trade and economic issues in North America - Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada. - eliminated tariffs - "includes chapters covering rules of origin, customs procedures, agriculture and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, government procurement, investment, trade in services, protection of intellectual property rights, and dispute settlement procedures."

Carter's Presidency

- carter claimed foreign policies would be guided for human rights and that his foreign policies would end acts of political repression. - carter worked mostly for human and civil rights and had to improve the economy as well as implemented the national energy act

What does NOW do?

- initially sought to end gender discrimination - later spearheaded efforts to legalize abortion and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers

What did the book do?

- launched new phase of feminism - blamed massive propaganda campaign by advertisers and women's magazine for brainwashing women to embrace the "feminine mystique" of blissful domesticity - Fulfillment for women could only come from marriage and motherhood - Defined "the problem that has no name" - Empowered women to achieve "full human capacities"- in the home, schools, office, college campuses, and politics

Regan Revolution

- most conservative era since 1920s -contrast to hippies--materialistic and conservative -religious groups worried about slipping morals: New Christian Right & Moral Majority -Yuppies (Young Urban Professionals)--most concerned about $ and moving up the corporate ladder -First R majority in Senate since 1952; D had House, but Rs were often able to persuade - A reference to how Reagan reshaped the nation's agenda and political language more effectively than any president since Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Great Recession

- severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy, with higher detriment in some countries than others; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis - severe economic downturn that lasted from late 2007 through mid-2009

Timothy Leary

- was a drug-promoting Harvard psychology professor - marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, peyote, hashish, heroin, and LSD were commonplace.

What was Donald Trump before he ran for President?

A democrat

Who published The Feminine Mystique?

Betty Friedan

Who organized the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

Friedan and others

Where did the political arm of youth revolt originate from?

Michigan, 1960

Janis Joplin

New sounds with electrically enhanced guitars, subversive lyrics, and heavy drug use

What is Donald Trump Party now?

Republican

Iran-Contra Connection

Ronald Reagan approved a scheme that Oliver North and others came up with to circumvent Congressional restrictions on aid the contras. The US would use Israeli go-betweens to sell arms to Iran and funnel the proceeds to the contras. This was illegal and the men who implemented it were committing felonies. North and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger would be convicted of felonies, although they were pardoned.

Reagan vs USSR

The Reagan Administration implemented a new policy towards the Soviet Union to confront the USSR on three fronts: to decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources, including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market; to (also) increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the U.S. negotiating position; and to force the Soviets to devote more of their economic resources to defense. The massive American military build-up was the most visible.

Who created the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)?

Tom Hayden and Alan Haber

War Powers Resolution

a resolution of Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress, or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat

War on Terrorism

initiated by george w. bush after the september 11, 2001, attacks to weed out terrorist operatives throughout the world, using diplomacy, military means, improved homeland security, stricter banking laws, and other means

When did the full fledged youth revolt erupt?

mid 1960s

Columbia University Protest

student protest in 1968 b/c school was building a new athletic center in harlem and displacing poorer residents, students seized control of president's office and refused to attend classes

Where does the term "New Left" come from?

to distinguish efforts at grassroots democracy.