amniote and reptiles

What extraembryonic membrane of the amniotic egg forms a sac where metabolic wastes are stored?

Allantois

What is found in eggs of both anamniotes and amniotes?

Yolk sac

The jaws of amniotes are much stronger than those of fishes. This is due, to some extent, to the expansion of jaw muscles into _______________ openings or notches of the skull.

temporal

True or false: Amniotes and amphibians ventilate their lungs in the same way.

false

True or false: Most snakes lack a pectoral girdle, but have a well developed pelvic girdle.

false

The ______________ of a viper have a canal for venom delivery and are erected during a strike; when the snake's mouth is closed, they lie in a membranous sheath.

fangs

Order the following animals in terms of the flexibility of their jaws, starting with the most flexible at the top.

1. snakes 2. lizards 3. turtles

Select all that apply Choose the two extraembryonic membranes that act as a respiratory organ for the embryo in an amniotic egg. Shell Amnion Allantois Yolk sac Chorion

Allantois Chorion

What statement accurately compares the lungs of amniotes with those of amphibians?

Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism.

Select all that apply Choose all the features that distinguish the amniote skin from that of amphibians. Amniote skin is thinner. Amniote skin is more keratinized. Amniote skin allows for better gas exchange in air. Amniote skin is less permeable to water.

Amniote skin is more keratinized. Amniote skin is less permeable to water.

What type of skull has a temporal region with no fenestrae and that is completely roofed by dermal bones?

Anapsid

What snake is most likely to have excellent binocular vision?

Arboreal snake

select all that apply Choose the two sister clades within the Reptilia, as defined by modern cladistics. Archosaurs Trissaurs Pelycosaurs Lepidosaurs

Archosaurs Lepidosaurs

What is a separate monophyletic group within the reptiles (as defined by modern cladistics)?

Birds and crocodilians

The four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg are: the ____________, the ________________, the __________________, and yolk sac.

Blank 1: amnion Blank 2: allantois Blank 3: chorion

A turtle's shell is made of two parts: a dorsal ____________ and a ventral ____________.

Blank 1: carapace Blank 2: plastron

Snakes that are _____________ lay shelled, elliptical eggs, while snakes that are _________________ give birth to well-formed young.

Blank 1: oviparous Blank 2: viviparous

American pit vipers and garter snakes are viviparous. A pit viper's young are only nourished by their yolk sacs, therefore pit vipers are . In contrast, garter snakes nourish their young with .

Blank 1: ovoviviparous Blank 2: placentae

Amniote animals fill their lungs by expanding their _______________ cavity, using their rib muscles, or __________________ by pulling the diaphragm or posteriorly with other muscles.

Blank 1: thoracic Blank 2: liver

Select all that apply Regarding a turtle's shell, choose the two correct matches. Carapace: dorsal Plastron: ventral Plastron: dorsal Carapace: ventral

Carapace: dorsal Plastron: ventral

In order to kill their prey, constrictors evolved certain rearrangements of their muscles. What is the trade-off of that adaptation?

Constrictors are much slower and have to ambush their prey.

What family of terrestrial venomous snakes is characterized by short, permanently erect fangs in the front of the mouth?

Elapidae

select two important specializations in snakes. Extreme elongation of the body with internal organ displacement and rearrangement Presence of a special form of keratin called beta keratin in the skin Loss of limbs, which is not observed in any other type of non-avian reptile Highly specialized kinetic skull for swallowing large prey

Extreme elongation of the body with internal organ displacement and rearrangement Highly specialized kinetic skull for swallowing large prey

Choose all members of the lacertilia (lizards). Multiple select question. Geckos Monitors Elapids Colubrids Skinks

Geckos Monitors Skinks

Why are introduced non-native animals such as rats, cats, and dogs so detrimental to tuatara populations? Multiple choice question. Introduced animals prey heavily upon adult tuataras. Introduced animals bring numerous new infectious diseases that kill many tuataras. Introduced animals prey upon tuatara eggs an

Introduced animals prey upon tuatara eggs and destroy their habitat.

Select all that apply Choose all functions of the amnion in the amniotic egg. It cushions the embryo. It provides a respiratory surface for carbon dioxide removal and oxygen acquisition. It provides mechanical support to the egg, while protecting the egg from dehydration. It provides an aquatic environment for embryo development.

It cushions the embryo. It provides an aquatic environment for embryo development.

Consider the quadrate bone in the skulls of reptiles. How is that bone modified in the kinetic skulls of snakes and lizards?

It has a joint at its dorsal end, instead of being fused to the skull as in other reptiles.

Select all of the features of the amniote jaw and mouth. It is designed for suction feeding. It is stronger than that of fishes. It contains a muscular, mobile tongue.

It is stronger than that of fishes. It contains a muscular, mobile tongue.

Select all of the features of the mineralized egg shell in birds. Multiple select question. It accumulates metabolic wastes. It cushions the embryo. It provides mechanical support. It allows gas exchange. It limits water loss.

It provides mechanical support. It allows gas exchange. It limits water loss.

Choose the two answers that correctly match snake venoms with their action. Multiple select question. Hemorrhagin type:stops heart contractions Neurotoxic type:affects the optic nerve or the phrenic nerve Hemorrhagin type:causes extensive bleeding into tissue spaces Neurotoxic type:kills cells of the diaphragm

Neurotoxic type:affects the optic nerve or the phrenic nerve Hemorrhagin type:causes extensive bleeding into tissue spaces

Choose all features of the skeleton in snakes.

No pelvic girdle, except a vestige of it in some snakes No limbs No pectoral girdle

Beta keratin is a hard form of keratin found in the epidermis of what amniotes?

Nonavian reptiles Birds

Some snakes can detect the heat emitted by a warm-bodied prey animal even in complete darkness and aim a highly effective strike at their prey. What structure allows them to do that?

Pit organs

What group of nonavian reptiles is characterized by an extreme elongation of the body and highly kinetic skulls that allow the swallowing of very large prey?

Snakes

select all that apply Choose the two answers that correctly match snakes with their typical prey items. Multiple select question. Snakes that swallow prey alive: small animals Snakes that swallow prey alive: large, mammalian prey Snakes that kill prey by constriction: larger, mammalian prey Snakes that kill prey by constriction: worms and insects

Snakes that swallow prey alive: small animals Snakes that kill prey by constriction: larger, mammalian prey

Which group of nonavian reptiles exhibits viviparity?

Squamates

What feature of the jaws in snakes allows them even greater flexibility when swallowing large prey? Multiple choice question.

The two parts of the lower jaw are only joined by muscle and skin.

How do modern turtles grip their food?

They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.

Select all of the ways in which amniotes can fill their lungs. They pull their liver posteriorly. They reduce the volume of their thoracic cavity. They push air from the oral cavity into the lungs. They use rib muscles.

They pull their liver posteriorly. They use rib muscles.

What modern group of nonavian reptiles lacks teeth?

Turtles

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because

a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur.

Modern crocodilians are divided into three families: alligators and __________________, crocodiles, and ____________

caimans, gharials

In the amniotic egg, the extraembryonic membrane called the _______________ encloses the embryo in fluid, therefore providing an aquatic environment, in which the embryo can develop.

amnion

The amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac are the four extraembryonic membranes found in _______________ eggs.

amniotic

Amniotes with skulls that have no openings in the temporal area (behind the opening for the eye) are known as ___________.

anapsid

The special, hardened, form of keratin that is found in the epidermis of class Reptilia is called osteodermal keratin. alpha keratin. dermal keratin. beta keratin

beta keratin.

Name the group of lizards whose members are small, nocturnal forms with adhesive toe pads that enable them to walk upside down and on vertical surfaces.

geckos

Scales, feathers, hair, and claws are skin structures found in amniotes that are composed of __________________.

keratin

In the skin of amniotes, ______ provides protection from physical trauma, while ______ lipids limit the loss of water.

keratin; hydrophobic

Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition by loss of dermal bone near the lower temporal opening. This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n) ______ skull that has movable joints.

kinetic

In viviparous squamates, the developing young can obtain their nutrients in two ways: via yolk sacs, which is called ________________ (or ovoviviparity), or via the mother, which is called ________________.

lecithotrophy placentotrophy

The two types of snake venoms are the ________________ type, which acts on the nervous system and the _________________ type, which destroys red blood cells.

neurotoxins hemotoxins

Select all that apply Choose all answers that have correct matches. Viviparous snakes: always nourish young with placentae Oviparous snakes: always lay eggs Viviparous snakes: give birth to well-formed young Oviparous snakes: can nourish embryos using yolk or placentae

oviparous snakes: always lay eggs Viviparous snakes: give birth to well-formed young

The ____________ organ of a viper has two chambers. The membrane that separates the two chambers is packed with heat-sensitive nerve endings.

pit

Some viviparous snakes can nourish their young by exchanging materials between the embryonic and maternal bloodstreams using structures called

placentae

The ______ of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment, in which an embryo can develop.

shelled eggs

The cornea of the eye in snakes is covered by a transparent membrane called a _______________.

spectacle.

What part of the amniotic egg provides mechanical support and can, in certain animals, act as a semipermeable barrier that allows gases in and out, but keeps the egg from drying out?

the shell

true or false: In contrast to amphibians, the skin in most amniotes does not participate in the exchange of gases. True false question.

true

In an amniotic egg, nutrients are stored in the __________.

yolk sac