PY205 Final Exam Guide
A three-way interaction
A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?
2
A 3 X 4 independent groups factorial design has ____ independent variables.
a false positive
A Type I error is known as which of the following?
the criterion of temporal precedence
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?
Cronbach's alpha
A correlation-based statistic called _____________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.
dependent
A criterion variable is also known as a(n) _________ variable.
a comparison group that did not receive the drug.
A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:
Behavioral observations
A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use?
Situation noise
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?
part; entire
A sample is to _________________ as a population is to _________________.
a main effect.
A simple difference is also called:
reversal design.
A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n):
Observer effects
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?
probability estimate
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a _________.
The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population.
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following?
systematically
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies _________with the independent variable.
Maturation, Selection, History, Attrition
A wait-list design, using random assignment, is most helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity?
qualitative approach
Abby is a psychologist who wants to investigate Chinese American women's experiences with racism and prejudice in the workplace. She knows there is not much research in this area and wants to explore the many questions she has about this phenomenon. What is the best research approach for Abby in this situation?
translational research
According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as
Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.
According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?
Control for several variables at once
Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following?
Bias blind spot
After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?
It is less time-consuming for the participants.
All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT:
IRBs must have a psychologist as a member
All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT:
They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes.
All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:
Standardized betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do.
All of the following are true of standardized beta (β) and correlation coefficients EXCEPT:
Experimental debriefing interview
All of the following are types of Qualitative interviews EXCEPT:
Discriminant validity
An educational psychologist wants to make sure his measure of verbal learning is valid. He theorizes that his measure should not be strongly related to numerical learning (a different construct) and plans to test this using a correlation coefficient. Which of the following validitities is he concerned with?
random sampling.
Another term for probability sampling is:
prediction
Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
Place your results in the context of an existing theory
As a qualitative researcher, how might you work to generalize your qualitative research findings more broadly?
availability heuristic., confirmation bias
Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as:
Internal reliability
Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following?
Test-retest reliability
Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following?
a theory.
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as:
causal inferences; made
Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be_________.
Participants' level of physical aggression during the study
Bushman (2002) conducted a study examining the effect on aggression of venting versus not venting anger. To invoke anger in participants, he asked each to write a political essay. Participants were instructed to show their essays to Steve, who was a confederate. He criticized the essays and made rude comments. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 (control group) was told to sit quietly in the room for 2 minutes, Group 2 (control group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes as a form of exercise, and Group 3 (catharsis group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes while imagining Steve's face on the bag. Then participants played a quiz game with Steve, and they were given the opportunity to provide a blast of loud noise to Steve's ears. Group 1 showed less than average levels of aggression, Group 2 showed average levels of aggression, and Group 3 showed greater than average levels of aggression. What was the primary confounding variable Bushman was trying to control?
certain groups more than others., independent variables only., dependent variables only., both independent and dependent variables.
Ceiling effects can affect:
small variance between groups.
Ceiling effects can lead to:
Constructivist → believing in multiple meanings, Postpositivist → believing in reductionism, Quantitative methods → pre-determined methods, Qualitative methods → emerging methods, Mixed methods → both pre-determined and emerging methods
Consider the difference philosophical world-views and research approaches discussed in Creswell, Chapter 1. Match each worldview with its respective belief system, and match each research design with its respective methods.
confounds
Different factors that could cause misattribution of causation for significant results of a study are called ______.
Longitudinal design, Repeated-measures design, Concurrent-measures design, Posttest-only design
Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 30 preschoolers are shown two copies of a book (Ferdinand the Bull) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs?
Snowball sampling
Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?
Margin of error
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value?
Too many participants
Dr. Deveraux has conducted a study that has resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be to blame?
positive association
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
The number of participants needed
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change?
Design confound, Selection effect
Dr. Gong conducts a study where she randomly assigns participants to different experimental conditions. The testing for each condition occurs in a different room of the psychology building. After collecting her data, she learns that the air conditioning in one of the rooms had been turned off during data collection. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Gong be concerned with?
How well the research was conducted
Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?
the external validity of the study
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?
Instrumentation
Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the "friendliness" of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about?
It is a leading question.
Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?
the construct validity of the study
Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following?
the internal validity of the study
Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following?
His study does not qualify as an experiment.
Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true?
Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception
Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception?
A manipulation check
Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity?
A weak manipulation
Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect?
The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
Dr. Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study. In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?
Demand characteristics
Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following?
Multistage sample
Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?
Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest
Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat?
Shifting focus from the transcript to analyzing your notes, Making interpretive comments on the transcript, Recognize and neutralize, as best you can, your biases, Looking for connections among themes
During our discussion of qualitative data analysis, specifically for interviews, the instructor discussed the importance of "bracketing" during the first step. Which of the following best describes this process?
A measure of spirituality
Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following?
Selection effects
Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?
Frequency claims
External validity is most important for which of the following claims?
The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.
For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?
Self-report measurement
For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement?
Observational measurement
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants
From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?
Internal validity
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?
Last paragraph of the introduction
Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?
Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?
Find and read the original scientific article
How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?
They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully., They give people more answer options., They are easier for people to read., They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.
How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts?
Triangulates his findings with other findings
How does a researcher who conducts a small-N design address external validity concerns about his study?
Mediation
If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following?
The correct answers are: "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?", "Is the sample size sufficiently large?", "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?", "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?"
If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity?
restriction of range
If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as _________.
Edited books
If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose?
The number of main effects that need to be examined
Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?
The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?
internal validity; external validity
In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some _________ in exchange for _________.
It is a forced-choice question., It is a double-barreled question., It has a double negative., It is a leading question.
In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?
A weaker causal claim than a true experiment
In quasi-experimental designs, the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions. This results in which of the following?
questions, answers, data, research
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to
measuring; manipulating
In true experiments, _________ is to dependent variable as _________ is to independent variable.
It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups.
In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance?
When the study has life-or-death implications
In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?
A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth
In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option?
The time spent solving a math problem
Jen is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability?
He is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order.
Julian creates a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are in their marriage and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Fuentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian's advisor recommending this?
autism treatment" and "behavioral" and enter an age range of interest
Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching "autism treatment." However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search
The correct answer is: Convergent validity → Measure correlates strongly with other measures of same construct, Criterion validity → Measure is related to a concrete outcome that it should be related to, Discriminant validity → Measure does not correlate with measures of different constructs, Face validity → The measure appears to measure the construct of interest, Content validity → Measure contains all parts that your theory says it should contain
Match each type of validity with its definition
order
Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of _________ effects.
statistical analysis; text analysis
Quantitative research is to ________________; as qualitative research is to ________________.
Independent-groups design
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1 (use this vignette for questions 49-55): Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?
Three
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study?
The number of words on the word list, The amount of time allowed for remembering/typing the words, The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words, The mood of the participants
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Which of the following is NOT a control variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?
Number of words remembered
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?
The d coefficient
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbary's study?
Being in an angry mood likely has the same effect on memory as being in a sad mood.
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Which of the following should Dr. Lonsbary NOT conclude from her study?
A double-blind study
RESEARCH STUDY 11.1 (use this vignette for questions 11-12): In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. The study described above is an example of which of the following?
A 2 x 2 independent groups factorial design
RESEARCH STUDY 12.1 (use the following vignette for questions 21-24): Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 different people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 Which of the following best describes Dr. Elder's study?
a measured variable
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following?
Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims?
The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Anton is concerned with Type I error. What does this mean?
Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (questions 29-32): Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment?
perceived prejudiced attitudes
RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables.
The principle of respect for persons
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 (Questions 9 and 10): Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?
validity
RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 (Questions 22-24): Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ______________.
biased; he would likely be sampling only those students who came to class frequently
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If Dr. Kramer provides this survey in-person during class time, he is likely to get ________ sample, because ______________________.
All students he is currently teaching
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?
medium
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 (use this vignette to answer questions 21-26): Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?
Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?
Elderly people
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Considering Dr. Guidry's study, her results could most safely be generalized to which of the following groups?
moderator.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n):
has the largest effect size.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:
The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?
The issue of possible third variables
RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (β) Significance (ρ) Income .69 .03 Number of arguments −.73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Given Dr. Finkel's design, which of the following issues is his study best able to address?
The relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction has the weakest effect size of all of the results.
RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (β) Significance (ρ) Income .69 .03 Number of arguments −.73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following can be concluded based on the results of Dr. Finkel's study?
When one group has an extremely high score at pretest
Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations?
Purposeful sampling
Sampling procedures for qualitative research tend to favor which of the following?
Regression to the mean, Placebo effects, Attrition, Observer bias
Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity?
Maturation
The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity?
The principle of justice
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?
Spreading interaction, Crossover interaction
The data table from Dr. Elder's study suggests which of the following interactions? (note: this would need to be confirmed with statistical analysis)
The principle of beneficence
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?
Spreading interactions
The phrase "especially for" would be used to describe which of the following results?
2
Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 In Dr. Elder's study, how many possible main effects exist?
Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 Which of the following would make Dr. Elder's study a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design?
If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"?
She means that interactions are common in everyday life.
What does the author of the textbook mean when she writes, "We don't live in a main effect world"?
Conceptual definition
What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?
A scatterplot
When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?
Standardized beta (β) values
When examining the results of a multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to the criterion variable?
margin of error estimate.
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the
The correct answer is: How each variable was measured must be considered.
When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?
"How well was this variable measured?"
When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?
Abstract, Introduction, Method, Discussion
When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first
What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?
When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?
A negative correlation coefficient, It depends on the type of reliability being evaluated.
When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?
Interrupted time-series design
Which of the following is NOT a small-N design?
Using multiple observers
Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity?
A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study
Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?
Third variables are external to the causal variable, but mediating variables are internal to the causal variable., Third variables are considered nuisances, but mediating variables are not., Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot., Third variables are not usually of central interest to researchers, but mediating variables are.
Which of the following is NOT true of third variables and mediating variables?
A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.
Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?
Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.
Which of the following is a difference between participants in small-N designs compared to large-N designs?
"I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."
Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods?
To control for observer bias
Which of the following is a reason why a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study?
They can only control for third variables that are measured.
Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?
Texting while driving reduces impulse control
Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim?
Observer bias
Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation?
the emotional or neutral content of the words
Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study?
It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.
Which of the following is true of behavioral observation?
A person diagnosed with schizophrenia
Which of the following people would be of most interest for a small-N design?
Review journal articles
Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed?
On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?
Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?
Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.
Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling?
A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior
Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?
Using a matched-groups design
Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences?
"Dog ownership decreases stress."
Which popular media headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used?
The measurement of two variables
While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?
r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.
Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?
They use real-world manipulations/experiences.
Why do quasi-experiments tend to have very good construct validity for the independent variable?
External validity is not vital to the researcher's study.
Why might a researcher choose purposive sampling over systematic sampling?
research is probabilistic
You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that:
Counterbalancing
_________ is used to control order effects in an experiment.
