Anatomy 20
How many of the 7 anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?
5
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?
A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood, Low body temperature
The hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its own hormones is _____.
ACTH
What triggers the synthesis of corticosteroids?
ACTH
Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
ADH,Oxytocin
The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.
Adenohypophysis
The principal mineralocorticoid is the ______.
Aldosterone.
The two major types of cells of the pancreatic islets are _____ cells and _____ cells.
Alpha and Beta
The testes produce the male sex hormones called ______ many of which are converted into testosterone.
Androgens
As thyroid hormones rise in the bloodstream, the _______ pituitary stops secreting TSH.
Anterior
Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), oxytocin
PTH stimulate calcitriol synthesis which promotes _______ absorption from the small intestine.
Calcium
Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from ______.
Cholesterol
The _______ cells of the adrenal medulla are essentially modified ganglionic cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Chromaffin
The primary cells of the adrenal medulla are called _______ cells.
Chromaffin
Oxytocin has been shown to ______ heart rate and cardiac output.
Decrease
PTH, parathyroid hormone, is secreted into the bloodstream in response to _____ blood calcium levels.
Decreased
As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is ______.
Decreases
Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?
Diet, Medications that enhance insulin release, Exercise
The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the _____.
Epithalamus
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ______ and ______.
Estrogen and progesterone
In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____.
Estrogen.
PTH, parathyroid hormone, may be released due to which of the following?
Excessive sweating, Loss of electrolytes, Excessive urine formation
Which hormones regulate the production of hormones and gametes in the male and female reproductive systems?
FSH, LH
True or false: Epinephrine is also called norepinephrine.
False
Epinephrine prepares the body for which of the following?
Fight or flight
Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)
If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _____.
Glucagon
As the body attempts to resist stress and repair injured or damaged tissues, it releases increased levels of which corticosteroids?
Glucocorticoids
In diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria.
Glucose in the urine
Insulin promotes _____.
Glycogenesis
An example of a protein hormone is ______.
Growth Hormone
______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.
Growth hormone
The thymus is located superior to the ______ and immediately posterior to the ______.
Heart, Sternum
The endocrine system uses chemicals called _______ to maintain homeostasis.
Hormones
The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ______.
Hypothalamus
The master control center of the endocrine system is the _____.
Hypothalamus
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the _____.
Hypothalamus
The thymus works to regulate and maintain _________.
Immunity
Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland ______ at night and ______ during the day.
Increases, Decreases
Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?
Increasing body temperature, Increasing metabolism
The ______ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Infundibulum
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the
Infundibulum
Beta cells secrete _____ when blood glucose levels are elevated.
Insulin
Target cells respond to ______ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
Insulin
Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic
Islets
The size of the thymus is ______ in infants and children than adults.
Larger
Glucagon causes adipose cells to break down and release what molecule into the bloodstream?
Lipids
Insulin ______ blood glucose levels.
Lowers
If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will likely experience which of the following?
Masculinization
The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.
Medulla
The hormone______ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).
Melatonin
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ______.
Melatonin
The target cells of thyroid hormones are ______.
Most of the cells in the body
A ______ feedback loop occurs when the end product of a pathway acts to turn off or slow down the pathway.
Negative
The endocrine system works closely with the _______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body.
Nervous
The nervous system uses nerve impulses and chemicals called ______ to transmit information.
Neurotransmitters
PTH stimulates _____ to resorb bone and release calcium ions from the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
In males, _______ may influence the production of androgens.
PRL
_____ stimulates resorption of bone and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.
PTH
The _______ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid
The rounded lobe of the posterior pituitary gland is the ______.
Pars nervosa
The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.
Pituitary
A ______ feedback loop accelerates the original process often to speed up its activities.
Positive
The _______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus.
Posterior
Which conditions result in the release of TSH?
Pregnancy and stress
Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?
Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland, Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland
The class of hormones called ______ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.
Protein
Only cells with specific _______ for the hormone respond to that hormone.
Receptors
Where are OT receptors found in the body?
Reproductive organs, Brain, Cardiovascular system, Kidney, Pancreas
Which cells secrete growth hormone?
Somatotropic cells
The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ______ bone.
Sphenoid bone
A positive feedback loop is involved when the end product of a pathway ______ a pathway activity.
Stimulates
The pancreas is located between the small intestine and _____.
Stomach
The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic _______ axons.
Sympathetic
The thymus and its hormones stimulate and promote the growth and maturation of ______.
T-lymphocytes
In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of _____ from the hypothalamus.
TRH
TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _______.
TSH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes _______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______.
TSH, TH
Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone?
Testosterone
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into _______.
The Blood
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into _____.
The Bloodstream
Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ______ distinct groups.
Three
The _______ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.
Thyroid
The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the _______ gland.
Thyroid
True or false: Generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections.
True
True or false: Insulin promotes lipid storage.
True
True or false: The duration of response to endocrine stimulation may last from minutes to days or even weeks, while nervous system responses are much shorter in duration.
True
True or false: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.
True
True or false: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.
True
_____ diabetes is also known as insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.
Type 2
The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____."
Urine
PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis from an inactive form of _______.
Vitamin D
The hormone ACTH acts on the _____ to cause release of corticosteroids.
adrenal cortex
ADH is released in response to all of the following conditions EXCEPT ______.
an increase in blood pressure
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____.
decreased insulin effectiveness
Endocrine organs are located in ______.
highly vascularized areas
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by _____.
low to no insulin secretion
When the thyroid hormone levels rise in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland ______.
no longer releases TH
The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.
pars distalis
At the microscopic level, neurons can be observed in the ______.
posterior pituitary
The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and released by the ______.
posterior pituitary
In females, _______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
prolactin
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ ______ and K+______.
retention, secretion
A hormone's _______ determines how it interacts with the target cells.
structure, shape, or Structure
Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called ______ cells.
target, receptor, or Target