Anatomy 20

How many of the 7 anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?

5

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood, Low body temperature

The hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its own hormones is _____.

ACTH

What triggers the synthesis of corticosteroids?

ACTH

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH,Oxytocin

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.

Adenohypophysis

The principal mineralocorticoid is the ______.

Aldosterone.

The two major types of cells of the pancreatic islets are _____ cells and _____ cells.

Alpha and Beta

The testes produce the male sex hormones called ______ many of which are converted into testosterone.

Androgens

As thyroid hormones rise in the bloodstream, the _______ pituitary stops secreting TSH.

Anterior

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), oxytocin

PTH stimulate calcitriol synthesis which promotes _______ absorption from the small intestine.

Calcium

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from ______.

Cholesterol

The _______ cells of the adrenal medulla are essentially modified ganglionic cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Chromaffin

The primary cells of the adrenal medulla are called _______ cells.

Chromaffin

Oxytocin has been shown to ______ heart rate and cardiac output.

Decrease

PTH, parathyroid hormone, is secreted into the bloodstream in response to _____ blood calcium levels.

Decreased

As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is ______.

Decreases

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?

Diet, Medications that enhance insulin release, Exercise

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the _____.

Epithalamus

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ______ and ______.

Estrogen and progesterone

In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____.

Estrogen.

PTH, parathyroid hormone, may be released due to which of the following?

Excessive sweating, Loss of electrolytes, Excessive urine formation

Which hormones regulate the production of hormones and gametes in the male and female reproductive systems?

FSH, LH

True or false: Epinephrine is also called norepinephrine.

False

Epinephrine prepares the body for which of the following?

Fight or flight

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)

If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _____.

Glucagon

As the body attempts to resist stress and repair injured or damaged tissues, it releases increased levels of which corticosteroids?

Glucocorticoids

In diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria.

Glucose in the urine

Insulin promotes _____.

Glycogenesis

An example of a protein hormone is ______.

Growth Hormone

______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.

Growth hormone

The thymus is located superior to the ______ and immediately posterior to the ______.

Heart, Sternum

The endocrine system uses chemicals called _______ to maintain homeostasis.

Hormones

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ______.

Hypothalamus

The master control center of the endocrine system is the _____.

Hypothalamus

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the _____.

Hypothalamus

The thymus works to regulate and maintain _________.

Immunity

Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland ______ at night and ______ during the day.

Increases, Decreases

Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?

Increasing body temperature, Increasing metabolism

The ______ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Infundibulum

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the

Infundibulum

Beta cells secrete _____ when blood glucose levels are elevated.

Insulin

Target cells respond to ______ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

Insulin

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic

Islets

The size of the thymus is ______ in infants and children than adults.

Larger

Glucagon causes adipose cells to break down and release what molecule into the bloodstream?

Lipids

Insulin ______ blood glucose levels.

Lowers

If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will likely experience which of the following?

Masculinization

The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.

Medulla

The hormone______ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).

Melatonin

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ______.

Melatonin

The target cells of thyroid hormones are ______.

Most of the cells in the body

A ______ feedback loop occurs when the end product of a pathway acts to turn off or slow down the pathway.

Negative

The endocrine system works closely with the _______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body.

Nervous

The nervous system uses nerve impulses and chemicals called ______ to transmit information.

Neurotransmitters

PTH stimulates _____ to resorb bone and release calcium ions from the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

In males, _______ may influence the production of androgens.

PRL

_____ stimulates resorption of bone and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

PTH

The _______ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid

The rounded lobe of the posterior pituitary gland is the ______.

Pars nervosa

The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

Pituitary

A ______ feedback loop accelerates the original process often to speed up its activities.

Positive

The _______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus.

Posterior

Which conditions result in the release of TSH?

Pregnancy and stress

Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland, Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

The class of hormones called ______ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.

Protein

Only cells with specific _______ for the hormone respond to that hormone.

Receptors

Where are OT receptors found in the body?

Reproductive organs, Brain, Cardiovascular system, Kidney, Pancreas

Which cells secrete growth hormone?

Somatotropic cells

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ______ bone.

Sphenoid bone

A positive feedback loop is involved when the end product of a pathway ______ a pathway activity.

Stimulates

The pancreas is located between the small intestine and _____.

Stomach

The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic _______ axons.

Sympathetic

The thymus and its hormones stimulate and promote the growth and maturation of ______.

T-lymphocytes

In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of _____ from the hypothalamus.

TRH

TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _______.

TSH

The anterior pituitary gland secretes _______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______.

TSH, TH

Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone?

Testosterone

Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into _______.

The Blood

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into _____.

The Bloodstream

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ______ distinct groups.

Three

The _______ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid

The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the _______ gland.

Thyroid

True or false: Generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections.

True

True or false: Insulin promotes lipid storage.

True

True or false: The duration of response to endocrine stimulation may last from minutes to days or even weeks, while nervous system responses are much shorter in duration.

True

True or false: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.

True

True or false: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.

True

_____ diabetes is also known as insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.

Type 2

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____."

Urine

PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis from an inactive form of _______.

Vitamin D

The hormone ACTH acts on the _____ to cause release of corticosteroids.

adrenal cortex

ADH is released in response to all of the following conditions EXCEPT ______.

an increase in blood pressure

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____.

decreased insulin effectiveness

Endocrine organs are located in ______.

highly vascularized areas

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by _____.

low to no insulin secretion

When the thyroid hormone levels rise in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland ______.

no longer releases TH

The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.

pars distalis

At the microscopic level, neurons can be observed in the ______.

posterior pituitary

The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and released by the ______.

posterior pituitary

In females, _______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.

prolactin

Aldosterone stimulates Na+ ______ and K+______.

retention, secretion

A hormone's _______ determines how it interacts with the target cells.

structure, shape, or Structure

Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called ______ cells.

target, receptor, or Target