anatomy 26
About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as: A) renal. B) cortical. C) juxtamedullary. D) medullary. E) None of the answers are correct.
b
Cells found between the capillary endothelium and the glomerular epithelium that are important in regulating glomerular blood flow are the: A) pyramidal cells. B) mesangial cells. C) filtration slits. D) fenestrated cells. E) podocytes.
b
Damage, disease, or irritation of the renal cortex would impair the function of which kidney structures? A) the renal papillae B) the nephron units C) the renal columns D) the major calyces E) the renal pyramids
b
Tall cells of the DCT near the vascular pole are called (the): A) juxtaglomerular complex. B) macula densa. C) juxtaglomerular cells. D) mesangial cells. E) All of the answers are correct.
b
The expanded end of the nephron is the: A) PCT. B) renal corpuscle. C) DCT. D) nephron loop. E) glomerulus.
b
The fluid outside the renal tubule is called: A) plasma. B) peritubular fluid. C) lymph. D) filtrate. E) None of the answers are correct.
b
The gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the): A) square ligament. B) filtration slits. C) mesangia. D) urachus. E) None of the answers are correct.
b
ADH acts mostly on the: A) glomerulus. B) PCT. C) collecting system. D) nephron loop. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
Blood exits the nephron via: A) lobar artery. B) afferent arteriole. C) efferent arteriole. D) various venules. E) renal artery.
c
The best diagnostic test to determine whether or not a person has a kidney stone is: A) an angiogram. B) a fecal analysis. C) a pyelogram. D) a respiratory uptake test. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
The large passageways into which the minor calyces empty are the: A) renal calyx. B) renal medullae. C) renal pelvis. D) renal cortices. E) major calyces.
c
The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men includes which of the following? A) It may compress the body of the bladder. B) It may compress the membranous urethra. C) It may compress the prostatic urethra. D) It may compress the opening of the ureters into the bladder. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is: A) reabsorption. B) filtration. C) secretion. D) increased retention of sodium ions. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
The thick ascending limb functions to: A) filter sodium. B) actively pumps sodium out of the tubular fluid. C) secrete drugs. D) reabsorb water. E) All of the answers are correct.
c
The ureters: A) have specialized subdivisions called the urethrae. B) take exactly the same path to the bladder in men and women. C) are retroperitoneal. D) float freely within the abdominal cavity. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
Urine reaches the urinary bladder by: A) differential pressure exerted on the ureters by the movements of the digestive organs. B) suction from the empty bladder. C) peristalsis. D) the force of gravity. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
Voluntary urination involves: A) relaxing the abdominal and expiratory muscles. B) contracting the external sphincter. C) relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder. D) decreasing abdominal pressure. E) None of the answers are correct.
c
Which of the following sits atop the kidneys? A) urethra B) ureters C) suprarenal glands D) urinary bladder E) kidneys
c
The distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is responsible for: A) adjusting osmotic concentration and balance. B) active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials. C) selective reabsorption of sodium ions from the filtrate. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
The last part of the renal tubule is the: A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerular capsule. C) nephron loop. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) glomerulus.
d
The main homeostatic function that occurs as a result of the work of the nephron loop is: A) variable absorption and active secretion. B) active and passive reabsorption. C) production of the filtrate. D) water and salt conservation. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
The parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule are separated by (the): A) renal column. B) lobar space. C) vascular pole. D) capsular space. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
The parts of the urethra in the male, in correct order from the bladder to the exterior, are: (1) urachus (2) spongyurethra (3) dysuria (4) membranousurethra (5) prostaticurethra A) 4, 2, 1 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C) 2, 4 D) 5, 4, 2 E) 1, 3, 5
d
The structure directly opposite the vascular pole of the glomerulus is the: A) glomerulus. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) ureters. D) tubular pole. E) nephron loop.
d
Urine is formed in the: A) ureter and bladder. B) ureter and urethra. C) urethra. D) kidney. E) kidney and bladder.
d
Which area of the nephron completely lacks microvilli and is under hormonal control for the reabsorption of sodium? A) papillary duct B) PCT C) nephron loop D) DCT E) None of the answers are correct.
d
Which of the following drains into the minor calyx? A) renal corpuscle B) collecting duct C) distal convoluted tubule D) papillary duct E) proximal convoluted tubule
d
Which of the following is a function of the glomerular capsule? A) reabsorbing useful organic substances B) secreting waste products into the filtrate C) reabsorbing more than 80 percent of the water from the filtrate D) collecting the filtrate from the glomerulus E) All of the answers are correct.
d
Ascending and descending limbs are parts of the proximal convoluted tubule.
false
Juxtaglomerular cells are a special cell in the distal convoluted tubule.
false
Most reabsorption takes place in the nephron loop.
false
Compared to the PCT, the DCT has: A) a smaller lumen. B) less distinct boundaries. C) more microvilli. D) a decrease in the number of glomeruli. E) None of the answers are correct.
a
Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the: A) collecting ducts. B) DCT. C) glomerulus. D) nephron loop of cortical nephrons. E) PCT.
a
Kidneys are often difficult to see without dissection because they are surrounded by a layer of fat. What is the significance of this fat? A) It provides cushioning or padding for protection from sudden jolts or other injuries. B) It expands for storage of additional urine once the bladder is full; it acts as a sponge. C) There is no special significance; this fat stores energy as do other fat deposits in the abdominal cavity. D) This fat cools the kidneys during active filtration. E) None of the answers are correct.
a
The filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries includes which of the following? A) a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins B) water only C) all of the same components as are present in whole blood D) all of the same components as are present in plasma E) None of the answers are correct.
a
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the: A) renal corpuscle. B) renal pyramid. C) nephron loop. D) juxtaglomerular complex. E) renal papilla.
a
The kidneys are innervated by the: A) renal nerves. B) pelvic nerves. C) celiac plexus. D) sacral nerves. E) ureteric nerves.
a
The kidneys are located: A) retroperitoneally. B) medial to the aorta. C) anterior to the colon and pancreas. D) at the level between T10 and L1. E) None of the answers are correct.
a
The muscle responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding is the A) external urethral sphincter. B) detrusor. C) internal urethral sphincter. D) pyramidalis. E) None of the answers are correct.
a
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the): A) overlying peritoneum. B) osmotic pressure of the fluid in the ureters. C) diaphragm. D) floating ribs. E) None of the answers are correct.
a
Urine is carried to the exterior of the body by the: A) urethra. B) circulatory system. C) ureters. D) lymphoids. E) urachus.
a
Urine leaves the renal pelvis and enters the ureter because of: A) peristalsis of the ureters. B) gravity. C) opening of valves into the entrance of the ureters, which permits urine to flow through them passively. D) contractions of the muscular layers of the renal capsule, which squeeze the kidney. E) All of the answers are correct.
a
A glomerulus: A) occurs in the nephron loop. B) filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney. C) is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. D) is a capillary knot contained within the renal corpuscle. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
A nephron has two parts: A) glomerulus and collecting duct. B) collecting duct and convoluted tubules. C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule. D) renal corpuscle and renal tubules. E) renal tubule and collecting duct.
d
After draining through the collecting system, tubular fluid enters (the): A) renal pelvis. B) major calyx. C) ureter. D) minor calyx. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
Age-related changes in the urinary system include: A) an increase in the overall amount of glomerular filtration, but less efficiency at each glomerulus. B) an increase in the number of cortical nephrons, but a decrease in the number of juxtamedullary nephrons. C) greater reabsorption of water, which is why older people have to urinate more frequently than do younger ones. D) reduced sensitivity to ADH. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the: A) intralobular artery. B) renal artery. C) efferent arteriole. D) afferent arteriole. E) lobular vein.
d
Each kidney ultimately receives blood from: A) the descending aorta. B) the internal iliac arteries. C) the common iliac arteries. D) renal arteries. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries are connected to a long, slender series of capillaries that accompany the nephron loops into the medulla. These are (the) A) segmental arteries. B) cortical radiate veins. C) arcuate arteries. D) vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.
d
Functions of the urinary system include: A) conserving nutrients by preventing their excretion in the urine. B) regulating blood pressure. C) regulating plasma concentrations of ions by controlling the amount lost in the urine. D) regulating blood volume. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
In the nephron loop: A) water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb. B) interstitial fluid around the nephron loop has four times the solute concentration as blood plasma. . C) the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypertonic due to the loss of water. D) sodium ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
In the renal pelvis, fluid processing includes: A) reabsorption of potassium. B) further removal of sodium from the filtrate. C) secretion of lipid-soluble drugs. D) osmosis of water. E) None of the answers are correct.
e
Most often, the kidney is confused with the ________ when viewed superficially. A) pancreas B) urinary bladder C) gallbladder D) liver E) spleen
e
The glomerulus is made up of many: A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) sinusoids. D) venules. E) fenestrated capillaries.
e
The known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include: A) direct stimulation of sodium ion reabsorption. B) stimulation of renin release. C) regulation of the glomerular blood flow. D) direct stimulation of water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
The large passageways into which the minor calyces empty are the: A) renal calyx. B) renal medullae. C) renal pelvis. D) renal cortices. E) major calyces.
e
The nephron loop is composed of (the): A) ascending limb. B) thick segment. C) thin segment. D) descending limb. E) All of the answers are correct.
e
The secondary function of the DCT to reabsorb sodium is controlled by the hormone(s): A) ADH. B) aldosterone and ADH. C) cortisol. D) renin. E) aldosterone.
e
An image obtained by taking an X-ray of the kidneys after a radiopaque compound has been administered is called a urogram.
false
An inflammation of the urethral wall is called cystitis.
false
101) A condition in which kidney stones are present in the kidneys is called nephrolithiasis.
true
A condition of pain upon urination is called dysuria.
true
A technique in which an artificial membrane regulates the composition of the blood is called hemodialysis.
true
An inability to control urination voluntarily is called incontinence.
true
Inflammation of the lining of the urinary bladder is called cystitis.
true
Solid structures formed from calcium deposits, magnesium, or crystals of uric acid in the kidneys are called calculi.
true
The collecting ducts are formed by merging distal convoluted tubules.
true
The papillary duct empties into the minor calyx.
true
