Anatomy and Phys 2 Exqm 1

What are impaired glucose levels?

101-125

What are diabetic glucose levels?

125+

What are normal blood glucose levels?

80-90

What provides collateral blood flow to the brain?

Circle of Willis

What is the song for foramina and what does it correspond to?

Come-cribriform plate On- optic canal Sofia- Superior Orbital fissure Sofia- SOF Sofia, right on- SOF, roundum ovale Sofia- SOF I'm- Internal auditory meatus Into- Internal auditory meatus Jugs- jugular Jugs- jugular Jugs- jugular of Honey- Hypoglossal canal

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

Facial Nerve (CN7)

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary and what do they do?

Follicle Stimulating hormone: stimulates follicles to release egg Lutenizing Hormone: stimulates ovulation Adrenocorticotropic hormone: releases cortisol: associated with stress and wakefulness Thyroid hormone: metabolism Prolactin: breast milk Growth Hormone: getting bigger

What are the cranial nerves?

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal

What does the thyroid gland do?

Once TSH binds to receptors, they take in AA and iodine to make T4 and T3; T4 and T3: increase BMR, body temp, fat metabolism, increase cardiac output, respiration, decrease body weight

What are the five layers of the scalp?

S=kin C=connective Tissue A=poneurosis of occipitofrontalis L= oose areolar CT P=ericranium

What is the order of the sinuses?

Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, cavernous sinus (blood from opthalmic vein), confluence of sinuses: junction btwn all sinuses and drains into transverse sinus, sigmoid, interior jugular vein

What are the hormones with posterior pituitary?

Supraoptic nucleus: ADH Paraventricular nucleus: oxytocin: lactation, sexual arousal and intimacy, uterine contraction

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

The Zebra Bit My Carrot: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

What are the adrenal cortex hormones and what do they do?

aldosterone- Na+ reabsorption cortisol: increases availability of glucose; catabolism of tissues; awakening response

What are Islet of Langerhans cells and what do they do?

alpha cells produce glucagon- low blood sugar beta cells produce insulin- high blood sugar

What are the neurons of the anterior pituitary associated with?

bloodstream

What is the basilar artery formed by?

both vertebral arteries

What does the Pons do?

bridge that connects cerebrum and cerebellum; contains respiratory centers, aids in deep sleep, has four cranial nerves

What are the three hiatuses (their location) of the inferior thoracic aperture and what goes through each?

caval (T8): inferior vena cava esophageal (T10): vagus nerve, esophagus Aortic (T12): aorta

What are the four main parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon

What does the buccinator do?

compresses cheek, assists in chewing, blowing, sucking

What does the medulla do?

connects brain and spinal cord; contains cardiovascular control center and respiratory rhythmicity center

What does the midbrain do?

connects cerebrum and spinal cord; wakefulness, visual and auditory reflexes

What is the mechanism of breathing?

contraction of diaphragm increases volume of thoracic cavity; lungs expand, decreasing in pressure which causes inspiration, relaxation of muscles decreases thoracic volume; lungs become compressed, increasing pressure which causes exhalation

What does the epithalamus do?

control circadian rhythms

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

corpus callosum

What is special about the visual pathway?

crossover: be able to draw

What does depressor labii inferioris do?

depresses lower lip (labii = lip)

What do the zygomaticus major and minor do?

draw mouth up and laterally

what does depressor anguli oris do?

draws corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally

What does the risorius do?

draws corners of lips laterally

What does levator anguli oris do?

elevate corner of mouth

what does levator labii superioris do?

elevate upper lip and flare nose

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

equilibrium and hearing

What does the limbic system do?

establishing emotions and facilitate memory

What are hypothyroidism?

feeling lethargic, mental fogginess, increased weight gain, reports always feeling cold

What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?

fine motor movements, postural muscle adjustment, balance/coordination

What are the four lobes of the brain?

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

What is a gyrus and what is a sulcus?

gyrus: raised elevation sulcus: shallow groove

What is the primary role of estrogen?

helps thicken endometrium

What does the limbic system consist of?

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

What happens with too much parathyroid?

increased bone breakdown (osteoporosis)

What does parathyroid hormone do?

increases calcium in bloodstream by 1) breaking down bones 2) increasing calcium absorption from GI tract 3) decreasing calcium secretion from kidneys

What are the sensory functions of the Trigeminal Nerve?

innervates muscles of mastication; has 3 divisions: opthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), Mandibular (V3) sensory function: V1: top V2: middle V3: bottom

What is the physiology of insulin release?

insulin binds to receptors on muscle cell; activates production of insulin receptor substrates; IRS cause glucose transporters to move to cell membrane (GLUT4); glucose enters cell via facilitated diffusion

Where does blood drain from the brain?

into dural "sinuses"

What is Wernicke's area responsible for and where is it found?

language comprehension; left temporal lobe

What does the abducens nerve do?

lateral abduction; innervates lateral rectus

What muscle isn't innervated by oculomotor and what is it innervated by?

lateral rectus; abducens

What are the ventricles?

lateral to interventricular foramina, to 3rd ventricle to cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle to central canal

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

lethargy, weight gain, bradycardia, cold intolerance, weakness

What divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

longitudinal fissure

What does the hypothalamus do?

master regulator: thirst, body temp, sex drive, weight control

What are cranial meninges and what are the 3?

membranes that cover and protect the CNS 1) dura (outermost) 2) arachnoid (middle) 3) Pia (innermost)

What are the three parts of the brainstem and what is its primary function?

midbrain, pons, medulla; regulation of autonomic functions

What are the functions of the Accessory Nerve?

motor function: trapezius and sternocladomastoid

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

move tongue

What does calcitonin do?

moves calcium into bones

What happens with too little parathyroid?

muscle tetany (rigidity)

What are the motor functions of trigeminal nerve?

muscles of mastion: temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

nervous, low bodyweight, tachycardia, heat intolerance, muscle wasting

What are the majority of the eye muscles innervated by?

oculomotor nerve

What is the action and innervation of the inferior oblique?

oculomotor nerve; looking up and in

What happens if fertilization occurs?

ovum secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which prevents the degeneration of corpus luteum; which continues to produce estrogen/progesterone to prevent menstruation

What are the four muscles of the tongue?

palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus

What are the muscles of the tongue and what are their innervations?

palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglosus, hyoglossus hypoglossal nerve

What is the innervation of the thoracic diaphragm?

phrenic nerve (C3-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

What are the functions of the ventricles of the brian?

produce, transport, and remove cerebrospinal fluid

What does the hypothalamus do?

produces hormones that stimulate/inhibit the pituitary gland to produce hormones

What is the primary role of Progesterone?

promote secretion of endometrium

What does FSH do?

promotes follicle development

What does the mentalis do?

protrudes lower lip and elevates chin skin

What does temporal lobe do?

recognition center (hearing, scent, taste)

what does the thalamus do?

relays information; connected to limbic system (emotion/memory)

What does parietal lobe do?

sensation interpretation (touch, temperature, vibration)

What is the function of the Vagus Nerve?

sensory: pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, abdominal organs special sensory: taste to root of tongue somatic motor: pharynx and larynx parasympathetic motor: visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

What are the functions of the facial nerve?

sensory: taste anterior 2/3 of tongue, near external auditory meatus somatic motor: muscles of facial expression and stylohyoid major Parasympathetic motor: lacrimal and salivary gland secretions

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

sensory: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue, chemoreception for carotid arteries somatic motor: pharynx parasympathetic: parotid salivary glands

What is the function of olfactory Nerve?

smell

What is the acronym for if they're sensory, motor, or both

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most

What is Broca's area responsible for and where is it located?

speech production; left frontal lobe

What does frontal lobe do?

speech, thought, reasoning, primary motor cortex

What does LH do?

spiking causes ovulation

What is the function of the Trochlear Nerve?

superior oblique muscle

What are the two origins for the posterior pituitary neurons?

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

What are the four muscles of mastication, what are they innvervated by and what are their actions?

temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid Trigeminal Nerve depression/elevation lateral deviation excursion protraction/retraction

What does the platysma do?

tenses skin of neck

What is the diencephalon composed of?

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

What are the intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis innervated by?

the intercostal nerve

What happens if you have abnormal amounts of cortisol?

too little: impaired glucose metabolism; poor health, can't handle stress too much; breakdown of muscles, bone, or other tissues

What happens if there is too much GH? too little?

too much: gigantism (large production of GH during growth period) or acromegaly: happens as an adult (usually tumor based) see increase of bone tissue in face and hands Too little: decreased health and dwarfism

What is the action and innervation of the superior oblique

trochlear nerve; looking down and in

What are the lobes of the cerebellum connected by?

vermis

What is the Circle of Willis derived from?

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

What is the function of Optic Nerve?

vision

What does the occipital lobe do?

visual center

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

voluntary motor: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris parasympathetic motor: pupil constriction and ciliary muscle for near vision