Anatomy and Phys 2 Exqm 1
What are impaired glucose levels?
101-125
What are diabetic glucose levels?
125+
What are normal blood glucose levels?
80-90
What provides collateral blood flow to the brain?
Circle of Willis
What is the song for foramina and what does it correspond to?
Come-cribriform plate On- optic canal Sofia- Superior Orbital fissure Sofia- SOF Sofia, right on- SOF, roundum ovale Sofia- SOF I'm- Internal auditory meatus Into- Internal auditory meatus Jugs- jugular Jugs- jugular Jugs- jugular of Honey- Hypoglossal canal
What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?
Facial Nerve (CN7)
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary and what do they do?
Follicle Stimulating hormone: stimulates follicles to release egg Lutenizing Hormone: stimulates ovulation Adrenocorticotropic hormone: releases cortisol: associated with stress and wakefulness Thyroid hormone: metabolism Prolactin: breast milk Growth Hormone: getting bigger
What are the cranial nerves?
Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
What does the thyroid gland do?
Once TSH binds to receptors, they take in AA and iodine to make T4 and T3; T4 and T3: increase BMR, body temp, fat metabolism, increase cardiac output, respiration, decrease body weight
What are the five layers of the scalp?
S=kin C=connective Tissue A=poneurosis of occipitofrontalis L= oose areolar CT P=ericranium
What is the order of the sinuses?
Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, cavernous sinus (blood from opthalmic vein), confluence of sinuses: junction btwn all sinuses and drains into transverse sinus, sigmoid, interior jugular vein
What are the hormones with posterior pituitary?
Supraoptic nucleus: ADH Paraventricular nucleus: oxytocin: lactation, sexual arousal and intimacy, uterine contraction
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
The Zebra Bit My Carrot: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
What are the adrenal cortex hormones and what do they do?
aldosterone- Na+ reabsorption cortisol: increases availability of glucose; catabolism of tissues; awakening response
What are Islet of Langerhans cells and what do they do?
alpha cells produce glucagon- low blood sugar beta cells produce insulin- high blood sugar
What are the neurons of the anterior pituitary associated with?
bloodstream
What is the basilar artery formed by?
both vertebral arteries
What does the Pons do?
bridge that connects cerebrum and cerebellum; contains respiratory centers, aids in deep sleep, has four cranial nerves
What are the three hiatuses (their location) of the inferior thoracic aperture and what goes through each?
caval (T8): inferior vena cava esophageal (T10): vagus nerve, esophagus Aortic (T12): aorta
What are the four main parts of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon
What does the buccinator do?
compresses cheek, assists in chewing, blowing, sucking
What does the medulla do?
connects brain and spinal cord; contains cardiovascular control center and respiratory rhythmicity center
What does the midbrain do?
connects cerebrum and spinal cord; wakefulness, visual and auditory reflexes
What is the mechanism of breathing?
contraction of diaphragm increases volume of thoracic cavity; lungs expand, decreasing in pressure which causes inspiration, relaxation of muscles decreases thoracic volume; lungs become compressed, increasing pressure which causes exhalation
What does the epithalamus do?
control circadian rhythms
What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
corpus callosum
What is special about the visual pathway?
crossover: be able to draw
What does depressor labii inferioris do?
depresses lower lip (labii = lip)
What do the zygomaticus major and minor do?
draw mouth up and laterally
what does depressor anguli oris do?
draws corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally
What does the risorius do?
draws corners of lips laterally
What does levator anguli oris do?
elevate corner of mouth
what does levator labii superioris do?
elevate upper lip and flare nose
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
equilibrium and hearing
What does the limbic system do?
establishing emotions and facilitate memory
What are hypothyroidism?
feeling lethargic, mental fogginess, increased weight gain, reports always feeling cold
What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?
fine motor movements, postural muscle adjustment, balance/coordination
What are the four lobes of the brain?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
What is a gyrus and what is a sulcus?
gyrus: raised elevation sulcus: shallow groove
What is the primary role of estrogen?
helps thicken endometrium
What does the limbic system consist of?
hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
What happens with too much parathyroid?
increased bone breakdown (osteoporosis)
What does parathyroid hormone do?
increases calcium in bloodstream by 1) breaking down bones 2) increasing calcium absorption from GI tract 3) decreasing calcium secretion from kidneys
What are the sensory functions of the Trigeminal Nerve?
innervates muscles of mastication; has 3 divisions: opthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), Mandibular (V3) sensory function: V1: top V2: middle V3: bottom
What is the physiology of insulin release?
insulin binds to receptors on muscle cell; activates production of insulin receptor substrates; IRS cause glucose transporters to move to cell membrane (GLUT4); glucose enters cell via facilitated diffusion
Where does blood drain from the brain?
into dural "sinuses"
What is Wernicke's area responsible for and where is it found?
language comprehension; left temporal lobe
What does the abducens nerve do?
lateral abduction; innervates lateral rectus
What muscle isn't innervated by oculomotor and what is it innervated by?
lateral rectus; abducens
What are the ventricles?
lateral to interventricular foramina, to 3rd ventricle to cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle to central canal
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
lethargy, weight gain, bradycardia, cold intolerance, weakness
What divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
longitudinal fissure
What does the hypothalamus do?
master regulator: thirst, body temp, sex drive, weight control
What are cranial meninges and what are the 3?
membranes that cover and protect the CNS 1) dura (outermost) 2) arachnoid (middle) 3) Pia (innermost)
What are the three parts of the brainstem and what is its primary function?
midbrain, pons, medulla; regulation of autonomic functions
What are the functions of the Accessory Nerve?
motor function: trapezius and sternocladomastoid
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
move tongue
What does calcitonin do?
moves calcium into bones
What happens with too little parathyroid?
muscle tetany (rigidity)
What are the motor functions of trigeminal nerve?
muscles of mastion: temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
nervous, low bodyweight, tachycardia, heat intolerance, muscle wasting
What are the majority of the eye muscles innervated by?
oculomotor nerve
What is the action and innervation of the inferior oblique?
oculomotor nerve; looking up and in
What happens if fertilization occurs?
ovum secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which prevents the degeneration of corpus luteum; which continues to produce estrogen/progesterone to prevent menstruation
What are the four muscles of the tongue?
palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus
What are the muscles of the tongue and what are their innervations?
palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglosus, hyoglossus hypoglossal nerve
What is the innervation of the thoracic diaphragm?
phrenic nerve (C3-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)
What are the functions of the ventricles of the brian?
produce, transport, and remove cerebrospinal fluid
What does the hypothalamus do?
produces hormones that stimulate/inhibit the pituitary gland to produce hormones
What is the primary role of Progesterone?
promote secretion of endometrium
What does FSH do?
promotes follicle development
What does the mentalis do?
protrudes lower lip and elevates chin skin
What does temporal lobe do?
recognition center (hearing, scent, taste)
what does the thalamus do?
relays information; connected to limbic system (emotion/memory)
What does parietal lobe do?
sensation interpretation (touch, temperature, vibration)
What is the function of the Vagus Nerve?
sensory: pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, abdominal organs special sensory: taste to root of tongue somatic motor: pharynx and larynx parasympathetic motor: visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
What are the functions of the facial nerve?
sensory: taste anterior 2/3 of tongue, near external auditory meatus somatic motor: muscles of facial expression and stylohyoid major Parasympathetic motor: lacrimal and salivary gland secretions
What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
sensory: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue, chemoreception for carotid arteries somatic motor: pharynx parasympathetic: parotid salivary glands
What is the function of olfactory Nerve?
smell
What is the acronym for if they're sensory, motor, or both
some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most
What is Broca's area responsible for and where is it located?
speech production; left frontal lobe
What does frontal lobe do?
speech, thought, reasoning, primary motor cortex
What does LH do?
spiking causes ovulation
What is the function of the Trochlear Nerve?
superior oblique muscle
What are the two origins for the posterior pituitary neurons?
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
What are the four muscles of mastication, what are they innvervated by and what are their actions?
temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid Trigeminal Nerve depression/elevation lateral deviation excursion protraction/retraction
What does the platysma do?
tenses skin of neck
What is the diencephalon composed of?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What are the intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis innervated by?
the intercostal nerve
What happens if you have abnormal amounts of cortisol?
too little: impaired glucose metabolism; poor health, can't handle stress too much; breakdown of muscles, bone, or other tissues
What happens if there is too much GH? too little?
too much: gigantism (large production of GH during growth period) or acromegaly: happens as an adult (usually tumor based) see increase of bone tissue in face and hands Too little: decreased health and dwarfism
What is the action and innervation of the superior oblique
trochlear nerve; looking down and in
What are the lobes of the cerebellum connected by?
vermis
What is the Circle of Willis derived from?
vertebral and internal carotid arteries
What is the function of Optic Nerve?
vision
What does the occipital lobe do?
visual center
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?
voluntary motor: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris parasympathetic motor: pupil constriction and ciliary muscle for near vision
