Anatomy & Phys CH. 6

During bone repair, the bony callus may last up to ________________.

3-4 Months

Which is the last phase of endochondral ossification?

An epiphyseal cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.

In appositional bone growth, how are layers of compact bone added to the bone's outer surface?

Bone is deposited by superficial osteoblasts.

Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Calcitonin

Which canals connect lacunae together?

Canaliculi

______ forms bone from within a model of hyaline cartilage.

Endochondral ossification

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

Which is not a characteristic of periosteum?

It is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.***** CORRECT It provides a route for the blood and nervous supply. It actively participates in bone growth and repair. It has two layers, an inner layer and an outer layer.

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false?

It occurs only at the articular surface

______ is the process of bone formation.

Ossification

_____ produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix.

Osteoblasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclast

________ are mesenchymal cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoprogenitor cells

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Which of the following hormones inhibits bone growth?

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following factors promotes bone resorption?

Pressure

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

The bone would be more flexible.

Which surface feature is a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley?

Trochlea

Which vitamin is important for the synthesis of collagen?

Vitamin C

The thickness of bones increase as an individual grows into adulthood by ______________.

appositional growth

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?

appositional growth( growth in width)

The central canal of an osteon contains

blood vessels

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _______________.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

For a person who starts running for exercise, __________.

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

During appositional growth

bones grow wider

Through the action of osteoclasts,

bony matrix is dissolved

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

When blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___.

calcitonin

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

The main minerals bone stores are ____________________.

calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?

calcium phosphate

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for ________________.

calcium, phosphate, and lipids

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________.

calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

canaliculi.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

cartilage model.

During the early stages of endochondral ossification, which cells enlarge, then die and disintegrate?

chondrocytes

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

The main central shaft of a long bone is called the ______.

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

Osteoprogenitor cells are not/do not:

divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoclasts.

The innermost surface of bone has a lining known as the _____.

endosteum

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

endosteum

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

epiphyseal cartilages

When the cartilage at the epiphyseal plate stops dividing, the bony structure that forms is known as the _____.

epiphyseal line

Damage to the _________ in a long bone of a young person might cause the bone not to lengthen properly

epiphyseal plate

Secondary ossification centers occur

epiphyses

The ________ is the enlarged, rounded end of a long bone.

epiphysis

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus.

All of the following bones are formed by intramembranous ossification except the

femur

Which bone is not formed via intramembranous ossification?

femur

Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.

flat bones

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a

foramen

A deep hollow on a bone is termed a

fossa

Bones perform all the following functions except ______________.

generate impluses

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer

Appositional growth produces __________.

growth in width

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as __________.

hematopoiesis

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

Increasing mechanical stress will cause bone to become stronger by ________________.

increasing deposition of mineral salts

If the _____ is destroyed, bone would become flexible and unable to resist compression.

inorganic matrix

Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except:

intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

The skull and clavicle form through ________________.

intramembranous ossification

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone

is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.

Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a _____.

lacuna

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

When considering the classification of bones, which bones are used primarily for movement rather than protection

long bones

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length

Bone lengthens by _____ growth and thickens by ____ growth.

longitudinal; appositional

The medullary cavity of bones contains

marrow

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

mature bone cell

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

mesenchymal

In intramembranous ossification, which cells first cluster together and start to secrete the organic components of the matrix?

mesenchymal cells

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________.

metaphysis

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?

osteoblasts

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

osteoblasts.

Bone deposition is performed by ____, whereas bone resorption is performed by ____.

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.

osteoclasts

The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population?

osteoclasts

Bone cells that are surrounded by bone matrix and are located with lacunae are ____.

osteocytes

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes

The most abundant cell type in bone is

osteocytes

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

The structural units of mature compact bone are called __________.

osteons

Which component is not present in spongy bone?

osteons

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel

_______ run perpendicular to the osteons.

perforating canals

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

protection of internal organs body support calcium homeostasis blood cell production all of the above*** CORRECT

A lack of exercise could

result in porous and weak bones.

Bones located within a tendon are classified as _____ bones.

sesamoid

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

sesamoid

Which class of bones develops inside tendons and is most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet?

sesamoid bones

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

spongy

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

sutural

Out of the numerous factors that influence bone growth and remodeling, ______ do (does) not.

the amount of fibrocartilage available

Spongy bone is made up of a branching framework called ____.

trabeculae

Which structural features of spongy bone are oriented along stress lines and are cross-braced extensively?

trabeculae

The function of yellow bone marrow is __________.

triglyceride storage

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

trochanter

Which of the following is not a surface feature of the pelvis?

ttrochanter

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

vertebra

All of the following factors will affect osteoblast and osteoclast activity except:

yellow bone marrow.