Anatomy and physiology 2: Respiratory system

How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to number of segments?

- 10 segments on right - 8 or 9 on left

Where are the respiratory control centers of the brain?

- 2 in medulla oblongata - 3rd in Pons

nasal septum (and its 3 components)

- 3 components - top is perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone - bottom is vomer bone - with cartilage of the septum, septal cartilage

What happens to most of the CO2 that enters the blood during internal respiration? Where does the rest end up?

- 93% into RBC - rest is in plasma

Tidal Volume (TV)

- Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath - 500 mL

What is the chemical formula for the formation of bicarbonate ions from CO2 during internal respiration? What happens to the bicarbonate ions once formed?

- CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ - half of bicarbonate ions stay in cell, rest go out

What are the vestibular folds?

- False vocal cords - on top of vocal folds

What happens to the H+ formed during conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions? Why doesn't the pH of the erythrocyte get considerably lower?

- H+ bind to hemoglobin - this binding buffers the H+ ions by the dissociation of oxygen

alveolar sacs

- after respiratory bronchioles sac starts containing alveolar ducts and pulmonary alveoli - cluster of alveoli

How does pulmonary ventilation work?

- air flows down a pressure gradient, high to low - high pressure outside leads air to flow in due to low pressure inside

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

- all 4 volumes - TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC - OR VC + RV = TLC

respiratory bronchioles

- beginning of respiratory division - from terminal bronchiole to alveolar ducts

Where is the pleural cavity and what's inside it?

- between lungs and wall of thorax - double layer with space in between - filled with fluid

Vital Capacity (VC)

- combination of TV + IRV + ERV = VC - maximum amount of exchangeable air

respiratory division

- concerned with gas exchange in lungs, external respiration - everything past terminal bronchial

Conducting system

- conducting passageways, they conduct air - ends at terminal bronchial

What is the larynx?

- connection between pharynx and trachea - all cartilage

nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

- covered in mucosa - superior and middle are part of ethmoid bone - inferior conchae is bone-in of itself

What happens to blood pH during slow, shallow breathing? Why?

- decrease in pH - more CO2 - more carbonic acid - more hydrogen = lower pH

What muscles are involved in pulmonary ventilation?

- diaphragm = increase size of thorax - external intercostals = elevate ribs

vestibule

- first part of nasal cavity past nostril - covered in skin - has hair called nasal vibrissae

pulmonary alveoli

- from alveolar ducts to end - in alveolar sac - where external respiration takes place

alveolar ducts

- from respiratory bronchiole to alveoli - in alveolar sac

What happens to blood pH during fast, deep breathing? Why?

- increase in pH - flushes out CO2 - breaks down H2CO3

What is respiration?

- inhalation and exhalation of air - breathing

How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to number of lobes?

- left has 2 - right has 3

Apart from size, how are bronchioles structurally different from bronchi?

- more smooth muscles allow them to contrict - constriction allows for more resistance to air flow

warm, moisten, and cleanse inspired air function

- nasal vibrissae = clean air - mucuos membrane = cleanse by trapping fine particles, warm with blood, and moistens with mucus - nasal conchae = increases surface area for mucuos membrane and creates more air turbulence

Structures in oropharynx

- palatine tonsils - lingual tonsils - uvula

functions of the larynx?

- passageway of air - helps to produce vocal sounds, voice box

Structures in nasopharynx

- pharyngeal tonsils - opening of the auditory tube

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea ________.

- produces mucus to trap dust particles bacteria, and other debris - sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed - lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

What does the pharynx do?

- responsible for conveying food into esophagus - air also goes thru here

How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to number of fissures?

- right has 2 fissures = horizontal and oblique - left has just oblique

If you inhale a foreign object, in which primary bronchus is it more likely to end up? Why?

- right primary bronchus - more vertical to trachea and wider than left

nasal cavity

- separated into 2 sides by septum - the 2 sides are nasal fossae

terminal bronchioles

- smallest bronchioles - end of conduction division - from bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole

How is that sound enhanced and amplified into recognizable speech sounds?

- the cavities amplify sound quality by resonating sound - tongue and hard palatte

What are the vocal folds?

- true vocal cords - they create the sound

Where is the pharynx located?

- ventral to vertebrae, posterior to cavities - connects oral and nasal cavities to larynx and esophagus

What is the trachea?

- wind pipe - reinforced by rings of cartilage, c-shaped

What is the branching pattern of the bronchial tree?

1. 2 tubes off trachea = primary bronchis 2. 2 primary bronchis split into = multiple secondary bronchis 3. secondary split into = tertiary bronchis 4. tertiary split into smaller branches = bronchioles

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

1. Inspiration 2. Expiration

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

What are 3 mechanisms used by the body for the removal of H+ from body fluids?

1. buffer systems 2. exhalation of CO2 3. excretion of H+ ions in urine

What are the functions of the mucous membrane (mucosa) lining the nasal cavity?

1. cleanse by trapping fine particles like dust/bacteria 2. has a current that goes to back of throat to be swallowed 3. moistens by mucus, humidify 4. highly vascular, dilate vessels to bring warmth, warms up air

What are the four surfaces of the lungs?

1. mediastinal surface = surface facing mediastinum 2-4. costal surfaces

Which structures are part of the conducting division

1. nostrils 2. vestibule 3. nasal cavity 4. choana 5. nasopharynx 6. oropharynx 7. laryngopharynx 8. glottis 9. larynx 10. trachea 11. Primary bronchus 12. Secondary bronchus 13. Tertiary bronchus 14. bronchiole 15. terminal bronchiole

Name all of the structures (in order) that air passes through in getting from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli?

1. nostrils 2. vestibule 3. nasal cavity 4. choana 5. nasopharynx 6. oropharynx 7. laryngopharynx 8. glottis 9. larynx 10. trachea 11. Primary bronchus 12. Secondary bronchus 13. Tertiary bronchus 14. bronchiole 15. terminal bronchiole 16. respiratory bronchiole 17. alveolar duct 18. pulmonary alveolus

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

1. provides Oxygen to blood AND removes CO2 2. used to speak = vocal cords vibrate 3. increase pressure in the abdomen 4. protective and reflexive non-breathing = coughing and sneezing

3 processes of respiration

1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external respiration 3. internal respiration

How is CO2 released from the blood during external respiration?

1. send out CO2 in plasma into alveoli 2. unbind CO2 from hemoglobin and sent into alveoli 3. unbind H+ ions from hemoglobin to have it bind to bicarbonate ions, bicarbonate ions in plasma also combine, all combine to make carbonic acid. it then turns into CO2 and water and then goes into alveoli.

What are the THREE large unpaired cartilages of which the larynx is composed?

1. thyroid 2. epiglottis 3. cricoid

The function of the bronchial tree through the terminal bronchiole is ________; the function of the respiratory bronchiole and alveoli is ________.

1. to move air 2. gas exchange

1. What is the inflation reflex? 2. What receptors are involved in this response? 3. Where are they? 4. What are they sensitive to? 5. Through which cranial nerve do they send information?

1. triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lungs 2. stretch receptors 3. in lungs 4. stretching 5. vagus nerve

What are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity discussed in class?

1. warm, moisten, and cleanse inspired air 2. smell 3. resonating chamber for speech

1. Where can you find peripheral chemoreceptors? 2. Central chemoreceptors? 3. What are they sensitive to?

1. with baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus 2. in medulla 3. partial pressures of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as Blood pH

Which structures are part of the respiratory division?

16. respiratory bronchiole 17. alveolar duct 18. pulmonary alveolus

How many lobes does the left ling have?

2 (superior and inferior)

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 (superior, middle, inferior)

What is the direction of movement of CO2 during external respiration?

CO2 goes into lungs from blood, out of capillary

What is the direction of movement of CO2 during internal respiration?

CO2 goes out of tissue into blood

Which has a more powerful effect on respiratory activity: O2 levels or CO2 levels?

CO2 levels

trachea location?

Descends from larynx, through neck into mediastinum and divides mid-thorax into primary bronchi

Epiglottitis is a condition in which the epiglottis is inflamed. It is most often caused by a bacterial infection. Explain why this type of inflammation is life-threatening.

Epiglottitis is life-threatening because the inflamed epiglottis can block the opening to the larynx and restrict airflow into the lungs.

internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

Where does gas exchange take place within the lungs?

In the pulmonary alveoli

What other receptors (not mentioned before) influence respiration?

Irritant receptors: - throughout respiratory tract - respond to irritants = ex: mucus, noxious fumes - sends signal to brain via vagus - result depends on location - in lungs = bronchioles constrict - in trachea = cough - in nasal cavity = sneeze - expels irritants

How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system maintain stable blood pH?

It releases or binds H+ ions

What is the direction of movement of O2 during external respiration?

O2 goes into blood from lungs, into capillary

What is the direction of movement of O2 during internal respiration?

O2 goes out of blood into tissue

What happens to the size of the thorax during each phase of pulmonary ventilation?

Phase 1 size of thorax = increased size Phase 2 size of thorax = decreased size

pneumothorax

The presence of air in the pleural cavity

Residual Volume (RV)

air that remains in lungs beyond getting as much air out as possible

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

air you can forcibly inspire beyond normal

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air you can breath out beyond normal

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart

What is the name of the pair of cartilages to which the vocal folds attach posteriorly?

arytenoid cartilages (paired)

Laryngopharynx location?

behind larynx

Nasopharynx location?

behind nasal cavity

Oropharynx location?

behind oral cavity

larynx location?

between pharynx and trachea

Which bronchial tubes are the smallest?

bronchioles

Which higher brain center is used for voluntary respiratory control?

cerebral cortex

Which cartilage in the larynx is most inferior?

cricoid cartilage

What causes the movement of respiratory gases in/out of capillaries/alveoli/cells?

diffusion, high to low concentration

nasal choanae

door at end of nasal cavity

What is pleura?

double-layered serous membrane

Which cartilage in the larynx is a flap that closes off the glottis during swallowing?

epiglottis cartilage

external respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood - goes to heart for transportation

What is the function of nasal vibrissae?

filter dust and other matter that are breathed in

How is that sound modified with respect to pitch?

folds can be tightened or loosened by arytenoid cartilage to change pitch

What is internal respiration?

gas exchange between blood and tissues

What is external respiration?

gas exchange between lungs and blood

nasal vibrissae

hair on vestibule

resonating chamber for speech function

helps change sounds you make with vocal cords to speak

alkalosis

high pH - excites nervous system

Which higher brain center mediates respiratory changes related to emotion and temperature changes?

hypothalamus

3rd function of the respiratory system

increase pressure in the abdomen - intra-abdominal pressure - helps with giving birth

How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to presence of the cardiac notch?

left has cardiac notch right has none

How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to size?

left is smaller than right

acidosis

low pH - depression of nervous system

What is pulmonary ventilation?

movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)

Do both phases of pulmonary ventilation require muscle contraction?

no, just inspiration contracts the muscles

arytenoid cartilages location?

on top of cricoid cartilage on posterior side

What structures drain into the nasal cavity?

paranasal sinuses = 4 pairs: 1. frontal 2. maxillary 3. ethmoidal 4. sphenoidal

Which bronchial tubes are the largest?

primary bronchis

4th function of the respiratory system

protective and reflexive non-breathing - air movements associated with reflexive breathing - coughing and sneezing

1st function of the respiratory system

provides Oxygen to blood AND removes CO2

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which blood vessels supply deoxygenated systemic blood to the alveoli?

pulmonary arteries

What does a spirometer measure?

respiratory volumes

Where are the lungs located?

thoracic cavity

Which cartilage in the larynx forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)?

thyroid cartilage

Which cartilage in the larynx is most superior?

thyroid cartilage

Which cartilage in the larynx is the anterior attachment site of the vocal cords?

thyroid cartilage

which is the largest unpaired cartilage in the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

smell function

top of nasal cavity/ root has olfactory receptor cells

What are the vocal cords?

tough pairs of connective tissue, stretched across opening of larynx on either side

2nd function of the respiratory system

used to speak - enables sound production - causes vocal cords to vibrate

What is the difference between visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

visceral pleura = in contact with lungs parietal pleura = in contact with wall of thorax

What is the dead space?

volume of conducting passageways

How is sound produced by the true vocal cords?

when air passes by it causes the cords to vibrate

hilum of the lung

where everything in the lungs is going in and out