Anatomy and Physiology ch 21

Venous valves are responsible for: -channeling blood away from the heart. -preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. -channeling blood toward the heart. -regulating blood pressure in veins. -preventing anterograde flow.

channeling blood towards the heart

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the: -concentration of plasma proteins. -number of red blood cells. -concentration of plasma waste products. -concentration of plasma sodium ions. -concentration of plasma glucose.

concentration of plasma proteins.

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called: -sinusoids. -continuous capillaries. -vasa vasorum. -sinusoidal capillaries. -fenestrated capillaries.

continuous capillaries

In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________. -decreased ADH secretion -increased peripheral resistance -increased thirst -increased heart rate

decreased ADH secretion

Arteries have a structure in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins lack, called a/an __________. -smooth muscle -elastic membrane -adventitia -endothelium

elastic membrane

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. -much higher than -somewhat higher than -equal to -somewhat lower than -much lower than

equal to

Blood pressure is determined by -estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. -listening carefully to the pulse. -measuring the size of the pulse. -estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. -measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle.

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

Compared to arteries, veins: -have a pleated endothelium. -have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. -are more elastic. -hold their shape better when cut. -have thinner walls.

have thinner walls

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the -systemic circuit. -left atrium. -lungs. -aorta. -right atrium.

lungs

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica: - externa. -interna. -media. -intima. -adventitia

media

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the -blood viscosity. -osmolarity of interstitial fluids. -blood vessel diameter. -turbulence. -length of a blood vessel.

osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased -peripheral resistance. -force of cardiac contraction. -cardiac output. -blood volume. -parasympathetic innervation.

parasympathetic innervation.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased -heart rate. -blood flow to the lungs. -cardiac output. -sympathetic stimulation of the heart. -parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the -precapillary sphincter. -vasa vasorum. -thoroughfare channel. -venule. -plexus.

precapillary pshincter

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except -release of renin. -decrease in blood volume. -increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). -decreased levels of aldosterone. -decreased peripheral resistance.

release of renin

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased -blood pressure. -venous return and preload. -blood volume. -sodium ion levels in blood. -salt and water loss through the kidneys.

salt and water loss through the kidneys.

Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99? -pre-hypertension -normal -stage 1 hypertension -hypotension

stage 1 hypertension

The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________. -systolic pressure -mean arterial pressure -pulse pressure -diastolic pressure

systolic pressure

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins? -the endothelial lining -the internal elastic membrane -the tunica media -the tunica externa

the endothelial lining

Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle? -the tunica intima -the endothelium -the tunica externa -the tunica media

the tunica media

Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? -vessel length -turbulence -venous pressure -vascular resistance -viscosity of blood

vascular resistance

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except -elevated hematocrit. -vasodilation. -increased sympathetic stimulation. -elevated levels of epinephrine. -irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques.

vasodilation

Blood pressure is lowest in the -arteries. -veins. -arterioles. -capillaries. -venules.

veins

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? -veins -arterioles -capillaries -venules -arteries

veins

What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema? -High blood pressure causes a decrease in BCOP and thus reabsorption declines. -High blood pressure leads to decreased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. -High blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. -all of the above

High blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.

If the capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues? -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will facilitate greater exchange with the surrounding tissues, reducing buildup of the interstitial fluid in the tissues by pulling it into the capillaries. -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause increased blood pressure, which could cause damage to the capillaries, allowing blood seepage into the surrounding tissues. -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues. -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause a corresponding increase in pressure in the venular end of the capillary bed, causing plasma backflow into the tissues.

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.

Stenosis is a permanent narrowing of an artery, as with arteriosclerosis. Which of the following could occur with stenosis of a renal artery? -Urine output will increase. -Epinephrine secretion will increase. -Anemia will occur. -Renin secretion will increase.

Renin secretion will increase.

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for -prolonged exercise. -hypertension. -a heart attack. -a serious hemorrhage. -a heavy meal.

a serious hemorrhage

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in -arteries. -arterioles. -venules. -capillaries. -veins.

capillaries

The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________. -veins -arterioles -arteries -capillaries

capillaries

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated. -capillaries -arteries -arterioles -veins -venules

capillaries

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the -peripheral pressure. -pulse pressure. -capillary hydrostatic pressure. -diastolic pressure. -venous pressure.

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise? -increase in venous return -a rise in sympathetic activity -extensive vasodilation -All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following? -obesity -smoking -high cholesterol -lack of exercise -All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________. -an increase in heart rate -an increase in urine production -release of the venous reserve -an increase in erythropoiesis

an increase in urine production

When renin is released from the kidney, -angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. -angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. -angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. -blood flow to the kidneys decreases. -blood pressure goes down.

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the -arteriole. -artery. -venule. -vein. -capillary.

arteriole

When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________. -endocrine regulation -autoregulation -neural regulation -positive feedback regulation

autoregulation

Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel? -blood flow velocity and turbulence -blood vessel diameter and length -blood pressure and volume -blood viscosity and turbulence

blood vessel diameter and length

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except: -increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. -increased venous return. -decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. -stimulation of the heart by epinephrine. -increased blood concentration of glucose.

increased blood concentration of glucose

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except: -increased levels of aldosterone. -increased blood volume. -increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). -increased levels of angiotensin II. -increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).