Anatomy and Physiology CH 5&6

When the arrector pilli muscle contracts

"goosebumps" form on the skin

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the

hair bulb

What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?

hair follicle

The portion of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the

hair shaft

Skin color is the result of the

quantity of melanin in the skin

The outer surface of the hair is called

cuticle

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called

cyanosis

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Which of the following cell types if responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

osteoclast

When blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bine once it has been formed in the

osteocyte

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

osteocytes

This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis

papillary layer

Which of the following us mismatched?

parathyroid hormone- increases calcium loss in the kidneys

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the

perichondrium

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the

periosteum

Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called

Dermal papillae

Melanin production can be influenced by

All of the choices are correct.

Bone remodeling may occur

All of these choices are correct.

If you accidently cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut?

All of these layers

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

Articular cartilage

Osteoclast activity would decrease when ___________ levels are elevated.

Calcitonin

The primary mineral in bone is

Calcium

The radiologist informs Matthew that his fracture has not penetrated the skin, meaning Matthew has a(n)

Closed fracture

Which type of bone is considered dense bone

Compact bone

One effect of aging on the skeletal system is

Decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers are effects if aging.

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

Endochondral

The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the

Epidermis

What does structure "B" represent on the diagram?

Epidermis and dermis

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a(n)

External callus

The flat bones of the skull develop from

Fibrous connective tissue

A bone fracture generally found in children that is incomplete is a(n)

Greenstick fracture

A bone fracture in which two bone sections do not separate is a(n)

Hairline fracture

The proper sequence of events in bone repair

Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints

Improve the grip of the hands

How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?

Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

Lanugo hairs

Appositional Growth deposits a new layer of bone

On the surface of the bone

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?

Second degree

In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?

Spongy bone

The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "B"?

Stratum Lucidum

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

Stratum basale

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis

Rickets is

a disease in children characterized bu soft, bowed, and swollen bones

What vitamin begins the synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?

Vitamin D

Which of the follow hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?

White

Eccrine sweat glands

aid in cooling the body

Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.

apocrine

Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have

approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.

Keratinocytes

are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin

Haversian systems or osteons

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

What does structure "D" represent on the diagram?

arrector pilli

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix

Ligaments attach

bone to bone

Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?

callus

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

canaliculus

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impact a yellow color to the skin is

carotene

Chondroblast produce

cartilage matrix

Spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the

dermis

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

diaphysis

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

endosteum

Long bones grow in length at the

epiphyseal plate

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

What is the end of a long bone?

epiphysis

Which if the follow will help cool the body

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.

first degree

Intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull

Woven bone

has its collagen fibers randomly oriented

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the

hypodermis

What does structure "C" represent on the diagram?

hypodermis

The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the

hyponychium

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes

increased RANKL and decreased OPG

Melanin

is absent in individuals known as albinos

When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis

is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.

Thick skin.

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.

Lamellar bone

is organized into thin sheets of tissue

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength

Intact skin provides protection because

it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

The primary function of osteoblast is to

lay down bone matrix

The central axis of the hair is the

medulla

What is the area where marrow is located

medullary cavity

The vesicles that contain melanin are

melanosomes

The distal portion of the nail is the

nail body

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

Nails

protect the ends of digits

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs

This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis

reticular layer

The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the

rule of nines

Skin glands do not include

salivary glands

What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?

sebaceous gland

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis

serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy.

The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the

stratum basale

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum grandulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells

stratum corneum

The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "C"?

stratum granulosum

This layer is found only in thick skin.

stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in only a few areas of the body?

stratum lucidum

In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?

stratum spinosum

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

tendon

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaces by coarser pigmented hair called

terminal hairs

The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.

An example of a long bone would be

tibia