Anatomy and Physiology CH 5&6
When the arrector pilli muscle contracts
"goosebumps" form on the skin
An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the
hair bulb
What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?
hair follicle
The portion of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the
hair shaft
Skin color is the result of the
quantity of melanin in the skin
The outer surface of the hair is called
cuticle
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called
cyanosis
The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Which of the following cell types if responsible for breaking down bone matrix?
osteoclast
When blood calcium levels are low
osteoclast activity increases
The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bine once it has been formed in the
osteocyte
Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?
osteocytes
This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis
papillary layer
Which of the following us mismatched?
parathyroid hormone- increases calcium loss in the kidneys
The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the
perichondrium
The covering of the outer surface of bone is the
periosteum
Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called
Dermal papillae
Melanin production can be influenced by
All of the choices are correct.
Bone remodeling may occur
All of these choices are correct.
If you accidently cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut?
All of these layers
What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
Articular cartilage
Osteoclast activity would decrease when ___________ levels are elevated.
Calcitonin
The primary mineral in bone is
Calcium
The radiologist informs Matthew that his fracture has not penetrated the skin, meaning Matthew has a(n)
Closed fracture
Which type of bone is considered dense bone
Compact bone
One effect of aging on the skeletal system is
Decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers are effects if aging.
Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is
Endochondral
The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the
Epidermis
What does structure "B" represent on the diagram?
Epidermis and dermis
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling
The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a(n)
External callus
The flat bones of the skull develop from
Fibrous connective tissue
A bone fracture generally found in children that is incomplete is a(n)
Greenstick fracture
A bone fracture in which two bone sections do not separate is a(n)
Hairline fracture
The proper sequence of events in bone repair
Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone
Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints
Improve the grip of the hands
How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?
Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called
Lanugo hairs
Appositional Growth deposits a new layer of bone
On the surface of the bone
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?
Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?
Second degree
In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?
Spongy bone
The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "B"?
Stratum Lucidum
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
Stratum basale
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis
Rickets is
a disease in children characterized bu soft, bowed, and swollen bones
What vitamin begins the synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?
Vitamin D
Which of the follow hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?
White
Eccrine sweat glands
aid in cooling the body
Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.
apocrine
Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have
approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.
Keratinocytes
are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin
Haversian systems or osteons
are the basic units in compact bone tissue
What does structure "D" represent on the diagram?
arrector pilli
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale.
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of
bone matrix
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?
callus
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a
canaliculus
A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impact a yellow color to the skin is
carotene
Chondroblast produce
cartilage matrix
Spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the
dermis
An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.
diaphysis
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
endosteum
Long bones grow in length at the
epiphyseal plate
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
epiphyseal plate
What is the end of a long bone?
epiphysis
Which if the follow will help cool the body
evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface
A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.
first degree
Intramembranous ossification
forms the bones of the roof of the skull
Woven bone
has its collagen fibers randomly oriented
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the
hypodermis
What does structure "C" represent on the diagram?
hypodermis
The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the
hyponychium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes
increased RANKL and decreased OPG
Melanin
is absent in individuals known as albinos
When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis
is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.
Thick skin.
is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.
Lamellar bone
is organized into thin sheets of tissue
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength
Intact skin provides protection because
it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes
What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?
keratin
The primary function of osteoblast is to
lay down bone matrix
The central axis of the hair is the
medulla
What is the area where marrow is located
medullary cavity
The vesicles that contain melanin are
melanosomes
The distal portion of the nail is the
nail body
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.
Nails
protect the ends of digits
Important functions of the skeletal system include
protection of the brain and soft organs
This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis
reticular layer
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the
rule of nines
Skin glands do not include
salivary glands
What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?
sebaceous gland
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis
serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy.
The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the
stratum basale
Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum grandulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells
stratum corneum
The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "C"?
stratum granulosum
This layer is found only in thick skin.
stratum lucidum
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in only a few areas of the body?
stratum lucidum
In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)
tendon
At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaces by coarser pigmented hair called
terminal hairs
The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when
the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
An example of a long bone would be
tibia