Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Test Study Guide

The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of

2 electrons

Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds

4

The midpoint of the pH scale is pH ____.

7

Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

All lipids are hydrophobic and unable to be dissolved in the watery environment of blood. Instead, they are packaged into lipoproteins, whose outer protein envelope enables them to transport fats in the bloodstream.

Describe the details in the slides "Letter e" and "Colored threads" that become visible as the power changed from scanning power, to low power, to high power

Answers will vary by student. However, the students should mention the formation of the wavy outline of the letter e, and the smoothing appearance of the threads as they are magnified to a greater power. Students should also address the field of view and depth of view.

Which of the following is(are) ionizing radiation?

Both cosmic and gamma radiation

What is the function of staining in microscopy?

Cell staining is a technique that can be used to better visualize cells and cell components under a microscope. By using different stains, one can preferentially stain certain cell components, such as a nucleus or a cell wall, or the entire cell.

Which of the following are not a source of ionizing radiation?

Cholesterol and triglycerides

Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

Cobalt 60

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

Nucleic acids include

DNA and RNA

The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is

Iodine 131

The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?

Lemon juice is 100 times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a 100 fold more hydrogen concentration than orange juice.

During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?

Lemon juice, like any acid, releases hydrogen ions in solution. As excess H+ enters the digestive tract and is absorbed into the blood, Eli's blood PH falls below 7.3. Bicarbonate is a buffer, a weak base that accepts hydrogen ions. By administering bicarbonate intravenously, the emergency department physician helps raise Eli's Ph back up to neutral levels.

Which of the following groups of compounds is hydrophobic?

Lipids

If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?

Maltose would have 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms. It only has 22 hydrogen atoms (instead of 24) and 11 oxygen atoms (instead of 12) because a water molecule is removed via dehydration synthesis during the formation of maltose.

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?

Sodium ions and chloride ions

When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?

The greater the surface area of the reactants, the more quickly and easily they will react. It takes energy to separate particles of a substance. Power and liquid detergents have relatively more surface area per unit and can dissolve more easily into their reactive components when added to water than a whole bar of soap.

A strong acid reacting with a strong base produces a salt

True

Chemically inert atoms always have their outermost electron shell full.

True

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and how matter changes.

True

Macromolecules are built of atoms

True

The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron.

True

A biomarker is

a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are

acids

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?

amino

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

an ion

Proteins

are all of the above

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is a(n)

atom

In a covalent bond

atoms share a pair or more of electrons

An organic compound always contains

carbon and hydrogen

Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of

cations

An example of a biomarker is

cholesterol

Water causes ionically-bonded atoms to

dissociate

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n)

double helix

A chemical reaction in which parts of different molecules trade positions is a(n)

exchange reaction

A phospholipid differs structurally from a triglyceride in that it has three phosphate groups attached to the glycerol molecule rather than three fatty acid chains.

false

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel?

glucose

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

growth of body parts

A phospholipid

has both polar and nonpolar regions

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a

hexose monosaccharide

The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of

hydrogen bonds

Proteins denature when

hydrogen bonds break

Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is a(n)

hydrolysis

Uracil

is all of the above

In the body, oxygen

is used during cellular respiration

saturated fats have than unsaturated fats

more single carbon-carbon bonds

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have

more than 80 neutrons each

A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

neutral

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of

neutrons

The type of organic molecule that can replicate is a

nucleic acid

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?

nucleic acids

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with

polar covalent bonds

PET imaging follows the emission of

positrons

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is

potential energy

The amino acid sequence of a protein is its

primary structure

In phenylketonuria, an individual cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Molecules that include phenylalanine build up in the blood, which causes intellectual disability and other symptoms. This inherited disease can be controlled by following a diet that is very low in

protein

An enzyme is a

protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

A person has alkalosis if the blood pH

rises above 7.5

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________

saliva contains enzymes

Bases reacting with acids form ________ and water

salts

Glycogen is stored in the liver and ______.

skeletal muscles

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as

specificity

DNA

stores genetic information, including instructions for enzymes that synthesize fats and carbohydrates

Which of these is not a monosaccharide?

sucrose

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a

suspension

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

synthesis

The opposite of a decomposition reaction is a

synthesis reaction

The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is

tenfold

The informational content of DNA and RNA is in the nitrogenous bases because

the bases are of several types and therefore can form a code sequence.

Chemistry deals with

the composition and changes of substances that make up living as well as non-living matter.

A CT scan differs from a conventional X-ray image because it is

three dimesional

A triglyceride consists of

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

The ______ uses iodine in a synthesis reaction

thyroid gland

Explain why CH4 is one of the most common molecules found in nature. Are the bonds between the atoms ionic or covalent?

A carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, it will readily participate in chemical reactions that result in its valence shell having eight electrons. Hydrogen, with one electron, will complete its valence shell with two. Electron sharing between an atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen meets the requirements of all atoms. The bonds are covalent because the electrons are shared: although hydrogen often participates in ionic bonds, carbon does not because it is highly unlikely to donate or accept four electrons.

DNA and RNA differ in that

DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein

Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.

Each isotope of oxygen has the same atomic number, which is the number of protons (8). However, each one has a different number of neutrons; for example, oxygen 16 has 8 neutrons while oxygen 18 has 10 neutrons.

A complex carbohydrate consists of a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule.

False

A person with alkalosis has a blood pH less than 7.3

False

Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is composed of 3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol.

False

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that we get directly by eating plants.

False

Proteins encode nucleic acids

False

Sodium and chloride atoms combine readily because they both lose electrons.

False

The most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables be useful?

Having these elements in consumables is useful because they make up around 95% of the human body. If they weren't available in food, it would be difficult to get as much as you need.

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Water is a polar molecule; it has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as other polar molecules. Oils, which are fats, are nonpolar and hydrophobic (they are repelled by water). This is why the water was not effective in fully rinsing off the oil.

Apricots have a pH of 3.8. Therefore, they are

acidic

A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be

all of the above

Exposure to ionizing radiation may

all of the above

On the pH scale

all of the above

An acid reacting with a base is

an exchange reaction

Isotopes of an element have

the same atomic number but different atomic weights