Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3: Connect HW

Identify parts of the plasma membrane 2

*peripheral protein- may contact either the ICF or ECF *cholesterol- helps stiffen the membrane *phospholipid bilayer- has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts *proteins of cytoskeleton- helps maintain the cellular structure *channel- ions may flow through there *ICF- the fluid inside the cell *transmembrane protein- contacts both ICF & ECF

Identify parts of the plasma membrane 1

*peripheral proteins- may contact either the ICF or ECF *ECF- the fluid outside the cell *carbohydrate chains- the glucose part of a glycolipid *Glycoprotein- a protein w/ a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it *phospholipid bilayer- has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts *Glycolipid- a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it

identify the parts of the nucleus

*ribosomes-- protein synthesizing organelles *rough endoplasmic reticulum-- protein processing organelle *nuclear pores-- opening in the nuclear membrane *chromatin-- genetic material *nucleolus-- ribosome producing structure *nuclear lamina-- composed of a web of intermediate fibers

identify the images in the diagram representing filtration

*solute- these are particles of matter mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent *water- this is a major inorganic molecule *capillary wall- this is the lining of the smallest blood vessels *red blood cell- this is also know as an erythrocyte *clefts- these areas hold back larger particles

identify the following parts of transmembrane proteins:

-carbohydrate: this is a sugar molecule -phospholipid bilayer: this is what the plasma membrane is composed of -cytoskeleton protein: these are the components of the cytoskeleton -hydrophilic region of transmembrane protein: this portion of the phospholipid molecule is water-loving -hydrophobic region of transmembrane protein: this portion of the phospholipid molecule is water-fearing -anchoring peripheral protein: this plasma proteins help attach the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

Label the membranous organelles:

-golgi apparatus -mitochondrion -rough endoplasmic reticulum -smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Label the types of plasma membrane proteins:

-integral membrane protein -glycoprotein -membrane channel protein -membrane channel pore -peripheral membrane protein

correct order to represent receptor-mediated endocytosis

1: this action causes the receptors to cluster together 2: the result is a clathrin coated pit 3: this results in a secretory vesicle inside the cell

correct order to represent facilitated diffusion

1: this occurs via a particle entering the carrier protein 2: this allows certain molecules to pass through the channel 3: this is the last step of facilitated diffusion

During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves __________.

3 Na+ and 2 K+

Correctly identify the following parts of the diagram of a cell.

*centrioles - these are components of the centrosome *free ribosomes- these can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell and are used to make proteins *nucleus- this is used to store DNA *mitochondrion- the organelle is used to make ATP *lysosomes- this organelle is used to recycle cell parts *microtubule- this is the largest diameter protein fiber in a cell that composes the cytoskeleton *intermediate filament- these are medium diameter filaments found throughout the cell

identify the organelles:

*nucleus- contains DNA *golgi complex- encloses proteins in vesicles *smooth endoplasmic reticulum- detoxifies alcohol in liver cells *rough endoplasmic reticulum- studded with ribosomes *lysosome- contains digestive enzymes *centriole- plays an important role in mitosis *mitochondrion- the powerhouse of the cell

Describe whether each indicated structure contacts the ICF, the ECF, or both

ECF -- Glycocalyx, Flagella, Cilia Both ECF and ICF -- integral protein, channel protein, phospholipid bilayer ICF -- mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum

Describe whether its CYTOPLASM or PLASMA MEMBRANE:

PLASMA MEMBRANE: -surrounds the cell; contains ion channels; contacts the ECF; made of proteins and lipids CYTOPLASM: - fibers, tubules, passages & compartments; cytoskeleton; ICF; organelles

Identify whether each method of membrane transport is passive or active

Passive: -diffusion -Filtration -osmosis -movement down a concentration gradient -movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Active: -pinocytosis -vesicular transport -sodium-potassium pumps -movement up a concentration gradient -receptor-mediated endocytosis

describes a substance to which the membrane is permeable or impermeable

Permeable: small polar molecule, urea, oxygen molecules, carbon dioxide Impermeable: large polar molecules, ions, proteins, phosphates

What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?

breakdown of ATP

a substrate binds to a receptor site forming the ____________ complex and releases products following catalysis of the chemical reaction

enzyme-substrate

cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of ___________

exocytosis

Integrins bind materials or cells in the ________ matrix and use them to move through space

extracellular

simple and facilitated differ because ___________-

facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, where simple diffusion does not

the ________ determines if glucose moves into or out of the hepatocyte

glucose concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluid

a _______ channel allows for discrimination permeability of solutes only at designated times

ligand-regulated

simple diffusion is defined as the movement of ______

molecules from area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

primary and secondary active transport proteins differ in the primary active transport ________

move both molecules against their gradients, while secondary active transport proteins couple the movement of an ion down its gradient with the movement of another molecule against its gradient

adipose cells are noted for having large membrane found vacuoles

obesity, which is caused by energy imbalance, leads to larger than normal deposits of lipids in adipose cells

the Na+/K+ATPase moves sodium in the _________ direction compared with the direction it travels through sodium leakage channels

opposite

exocytosis is a process by which cells__________

release substance from the cell via vesicles

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will __________.

shrink

the directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by _______

the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported

When the acetylcholine binds to the receptor sites __________.

the sodium channels open

chromosomes are housed within the nuclear evelope

trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) which is caused by an extra 21st chromosome

changes in the membrane protein trigger the opening or closing of _______

voltage-gated channels

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of __________.

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

aerobic ATP production occurs in double membrained organelles

cyanide poisoning, which blocks aerobic production of ATP

Describe whether its CYTOPLASM or CELL MEMBRANE:

CYTOPLASM: -the "powerhouse" of the cell -the clear, gelatinous component of the cell -the organelle responsible for sorting & packaging proteins -membrane-enclosed enzymes used to hydrolyzed cellular components -the network of protein filaments & cylinders that structurally support the cell CELL MEMBRANE: -the fuzzy coat made of glycolipids and glycoproteins -proteins whose surfaces contact both the ICF & ECF -proteins that allow ions to enter & leave the cell -extension that serve primarily to increase the cell's surface area -hair-like processes that may function as antennae &/or aid in motility

Match condition if its INCREASES or DECREASES rate of diffusion

INCREASES rate of diffusion: -increased temperature; decreased molecular weight; increased membrane surface; increased membrane permeability; decreased cell height, creating a flatter cell; villi & microvilli in the intestinal epithelium; increased synthesis of channel proteins DECREASES rate of diffusion: - decreased concentration gradient; approaching diffusional equilibrium; destruction of alveoli in the lungs due to emphysema

Match description to the proper structure if its MOTILE CILIA, MICROVILLI, or NONMOTILE "PRIMARY" CILIA:

MONTILE CILIA: -used to move fluids on outer surface of the cell -utilizes rhythmic movement -utilizes ATP for movement -contains molecular motors MICROVILLA: -used for absorption -increases the surface area of the cell -contains the brush border enzymes of the intestine NONMOTILE "PRIMARY" CILIA: -used for sensation -located in the inner ear, nasal cavity, and retina as sensory receptors

Identify whether each statement about Na+-K+ pumps is true or false by dragging the label

True: -Na+-K+ pumps are active forms of transport -Na+-K+ pumps consume about half of your daily energy expenditure -Na+-K+ pumps have six binding sites for reactants (3Na+,2K+, and 1 ATP) -Na+-K+ pumps are enzymes that hydrolyzed ATP into ADP and Pi False: -Na+-K+ pumps bind ATP in the ECF -Na+-K+ pumps move 3 molecules of sodium to the ICF per cycle -glucose is passively absorbed through Na+-K+ pumps during secondary active transport -Na+-K+ pumps move sodium down its concentration gradient -use of the term "pump" refers to moving solutes down their respective concentration gradients -After death, Na+-K+ pumps can continue to function indefinitely

tubulin is one protein of the cytoskeleton that contributes to intracellular transport

a defect in tubulin proteins inhibits the ability to position organelles inside a cell

Ouabain is a poison that binds to the Na+/K+ pump in the cell membrane and inhibits its action. The expected result of this poison on secondary active transport is ______________

a loss of the ions concentration gradient that drives this process

exocytosis describes the movement of chemicals from the ICF to the ECF and requires secretory vesicles

a neurotoxin that prevents exocytosis

What does facilitated diffusion require?

carrier proteins

intestinal surface area is increased by extensions of the cell membrane

celiac disease which decreases the absorptive surface area of the small intestine

structures of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton:

cilium microvillus microfilament microtubule centrosome plasma membrane

water you drink is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract. An increase in water intake causes a(n) _______ in the plasma osmolarity

decrease

the reduction in the number of glucose carrier proteins within the plasma membrane ______ the rate of glucose diffison

decreases

When sodium ion channels open, sodium will always diffuse __________.

down its own concentration gradient

Tonicity labeling: crenation (shrinking), hemolysis (swelling), no change:

hemolysis (swelling; hypotonic): - placing a red blood cell in distilled water -placing a red blood cell into a hypotonic solution -placing a red blood cell with an ICF concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution with 0.1% NaCl crenation (shrinking; hypertonic): -placing a red blood cell into a hypertonic solution -placing a red blood cell with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution of 1.5% NaCl No change: -placing a red blood cell into a isotonic solution

the movement of water by osmosis is always from a __________

high to low water concentration

some individuals have defective genes for LDL receptors rendering them nonfunctional. Individuals with these mutations typically have _________

higher than normal blood cholesterol levels due to inability of peripheral cells to uptake LDLs

physiological saline in a solution containing 0.9% NaCl. A cell in 1.5% NaCl is in a(n) _______ solution

hypertonic

an IV solution of 0.45% NaCl is _______ and induces the movement of water _______

hypotonic; into cells

Facilitated diffusion occurs __________.

in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

which of the following statements about receptor-mediated endocytosis is true?

it involves clathrin-coated pits

a _______ channel allows a constant flow of sodium through the plasma membrane down its own electrochemical gradient

leaky sodium

an individual displaying a larger than normal number of LDL receptor is ________ likely to develop artherosclerosis

less

Predict outcome based on whether the result will be water moving INTO or OUT of the blood plasma

osmosis moves water OUT of blood: -freshwater fish placed in a saltwater aquarium -protein deficiency causing low levels of blood albumin -intravenous delivery of hypotonic solution osmosis moves water INTO blood: -saltwater fish places in a freshwater aquarium -high blood sugar -consumption of sea water -acute, bolus ingestion of NaCl -soft-tissue crush injury releasing potassium into the blood stream

desmosomes are collections of proteins embedded in cell membranes that anchor one cell to its neighboring cell

pemphigus, which is a genetic/immune disorder, compromises proteins that hold adjacent cells together in the skin

certain while blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them to digest them. This process is best described as _________

phagocytosis

phagocyosis and pinocytosis differ in that __________

phagocytosis allows for the transport of larger particles than pinocytosis

insulin, a hydrophilic compound, binds to a ______ site on the cell's extracellular surface, causing activation of a second messenger system on the cell's interior

receptor

The most specific type of endocytosis is ________

receptor-mediated endocytosis

the sodium-iodide symporter plays a role in the accumulation of iodide in the thyroid gland. Here, one iodide gets converted to one iodine, which is utilized for the formation of either of the two type of thyroid hormones, T3 andT4. T3 and T4 are named after the number of iodines found in each of these hormones. To produce a single molecule of T3, a total of _______ sodium ions must move down their concentration gradients by secondary active transport. The movement of iodide ions occurs in the ________ direction as sodium ions

six; same

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

small nonpolar molecules

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump ___________.

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport ___________.

sugars and amino acids

circulating plasma antibodies recognized a _________ as "self" and thus do not initiate an immune response

surface glycoprotein

Which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion?

the amount of available ATP

when sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when _______

the dissolved sugar molecule are evenly distributed throughout the solution