Chapter 4- Nutrition
For most of the world's population, what is the effect of aging on the activity of lactase?
Declines by 90-95%
What is the name of the short chains of glucose units that result from starch breakdown?
Dextrins
Which of the following ingredients listed on food labels would be acceptable to the person who is highly intolerant to lactose in the diet?
Dextrins
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
Dietary management should focus on total carbohydrate intake rather than the type of carbohydrate consumed
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Epinephrine
What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?
Fermentable
What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?
Fructose
Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose?
Fructose
Which of the following is not a rich source of dietary starch?
Fruits
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?
Glucose
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Glucose
What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?
Glycemic response
What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?
Glycogen
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
Glycogen
Milk that has been treated with a commercially available lactase preparation undergoes which of the following changes?
Increase in sweetness
Which of the following is a feature of kefir?
It contains live bacterial organisms
Which of the following is not a characteristic of glucose?
It is sweeter tasting than sucrose
Which of the following is a feature of lactose?
It is used as filler in one out of five prescription drugs
Which of the following is a feature of glycogen?
It is virtually absent from animal meats
Which of the following is a feature of the condition hypoglycemia?
It occurs rarely in otherwise healthy people
Which of the following is a feature of resistant starch?
It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
Lactose
Which of the following sugars is not found in plants?
Lactose
In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?
Liver
What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?
Liver
What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption?
Liver
What glycemic index category would include yogurt and cheese?
Low
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
Many people with type 2 diabetes are obese
Which of the following would least likely be connected with the development of lactose intolerance?
Milk allergy
What is another name for lactose?
Milk sugar
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?
More lactose is removed during manufacturing
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscle and liver
Which of the following describes the compound phytic acid?
Nonnutrient component of plant seeds
What is the composition of sucrose?
One glucose and one fructose unit
What is the composition of lactose?
One glucose and one galactose unit
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas
In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?
Plant foods
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
Simple sugars
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
Starch
At rest, the typical body stores of glycogen can provide energy for a maximum of about
1 day.
Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?
Cellulose
Which of the following is described as a nonstarch polysaccharide?
Cellulose
Which of the following is an example of the difference between the chemical bonds in starch and those in cellulose?
Cellulose bonds are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes
What fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver?
1/3
What percentage of the world's adult population shows good tolerance to lactose ingestion?
30%
Which of the following blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia?
40
What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?
50-100 g
How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides?
6
What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
70-110
Which of the following values falls within the normal range (mg/dL) of blood glucose?
75
What is the chief reason that many people with lactose intolerance can consume foods containing some lactose without suffering any symptoms?
A change occurs in the GI bacteria
Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods?
A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose
If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?
About 1 day
Among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?
African Americans
Which of the following provides the least amount of lactose per serving?
Cheddar cheese
What type of nutrient is starch?
Complex carbohydrate
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
Condensation
What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America?
Corn
Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?
Bacteria
Which of the following is a characteristic of yogurt?
Bacteria in yogurt produce lactase
In a person with type 2 diabetes, which of the following foods would ordinarily promote the least favorable glycemic effect?
Baked potato
Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?
Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon
You have just finished a light breakfast of toast and jelly. Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?
Blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, glucose is taken up by the cells through the action of insulin, blood glucose levels decline, the pancreas releases glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose rises
Which of the following are characteristic of the conditions diabetes and hypoglycemia?
Both benefit from the inclusion of fiber-rich foods and consumption of smaller, more frequent meals
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as
diabetic
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?
fibers
All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except
fish
The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed
gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of
glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.
Typical dietary sources of carbohydrate include all of the following except
glycogen.
A person eating lots of white bread, white rice, and ready-to-eat cereals would have a diet with a glycemic index that is
high.
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed
hydrolysis.
A "functional fiber" is one that
is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.
All of the following are properties of fiber except
it elevates blood glucose levels.
Characteristics of dietary phytic acid include all of the following except
it is classified as a fiber.
Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except
lignins.
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the
mouth.
In what organ is most of the body's glycogen found?
muscles
With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except
neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption.
The types of atoms found in a glucose molecule include all of the following except
nitrogen.
A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 101 mg/dL would be classified as
prediabetic.
A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's
protein.
The enzymes that digest dietary sugars are produced by the
small intestine.
The chief carbohydrate in beet sugar is
sucrose.
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
They are classified according to solubility in water
Which of the following is a feature of the pectins?
They are used to thicken jelly
What is the composition of maltose?
Two glucose units
Your nephew Jimmy, who is 10 years old, has been giving himself a shot in the thigh every day for the past year. He confides in you that he craves candy but was told by his parents that he can only eat sugar-free snacks. From which of the following conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer?
Type 1 diabetes
Which of the following is a common source of resistant starch?
Unripe bananas
Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?
Water
What is the staple grain of Canada, the United States, and Europe?
Wheat
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
White rice
After you and your friend Dolores share pretzels and animal crackers, she announces that she wants to start digesting her food by watching television. You inform Dolores that
carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth through the action of amylase, so she has already begun digesting the snacks.
All of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance except
constipation.
Among the following foods, which contains the lowest amount of lactose per serving?
American cheese- less than yogurt, ice cream, and donut
Which of the following enzymes does not act on simple sugars?
Amylase
Which of the following statements is not characteristic of fibers?
An example of a nonpolysaccharide fiber is hemicellulose