Chapter 4- Nutrition

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For most of the world's population, what is the effect of aging on the activity of lactase?

Declines by 90-95%

What is the name of the short chains of glucose units that result from starch breakdown?

Dextrins

Which of the following ingredients listed on food labels would be acceptable to the person who is highly intolerant to lactose in the diet?

Dextrins

Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?

Dietary management should focus on total carbohydrate intake rather than the type of carbohydrate consumed

When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Epinephrine

What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?

Fermentable

What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?

Fructose

Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose?

Fructose

Which of the following is not a rich source of dietary starch?

Fruits

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

Glucagon

Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?

Glucose

Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?

Glucose

What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?

Glycemic response

What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?

Glycogen

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Glycogen

Milk that has been treated with a commercially available lactase preparation undergoes which of the following changes?

Increase in sweetness

Which of the following is a feature of kefir?

It contains live bacterial organisms

Which of the following is not a characteristic of glucose?

It is sweeter tasting than sucrose

Which of the following is a feature of lactose?

It is used as filler in one out of five prescription drugs

Which of the following is a feature of glycogen?

It is virtually absent from animal meats

Which of the following is a feature of the condition hypoglycemia?

It occurs rarely in otherwise healthy people

Which of the following is a feature of resistant starch?

It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes

What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?

Lactose

Which of the following sugars is not found in plants?

Lactose

In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?

Liver

What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?

Liver

What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption?

Liver

What glycemic index category would include yogurt and cheese?

Low

What is the primary function of insulin?

Lowers blood glucose levels

Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?

Many people with type 2 diabetes are obese

Which of the following would least likely be connected with the development of lactose intolerance?

Milk allergy

What is another name for lactose?

Milk sugar

Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?

More lactose is removed during manufacturing

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

Muscle and liver

Which of the following describes the compound phytic acid?

Nonnutrient component of plant seeds

What is the composition of sucrose?

One glucose and one fructose unit

What is the composition of lactose?

One glucose and one galactose unit

What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Pancreas

In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?

Plant foods

What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?

Simple sugars

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

Small intestine

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?

Starch

At rest, the typical body stores of glycogen can provide energy for a maximum of about

1 day.

Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?

Cellulose

Which of the following is described as a nonstarch polysaccharide?

Cellulose

Which of the following is an example of the difference between the chemical bonds in starch and those in cellulose?

Cellulose bonds are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes

What fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver?

1/3

What percentage of the world's adult population shows good tolerance to lactose ingestion?

30%

Which of the following blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia?

40

What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?

50-100 g

How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides?

6

What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?

70-110

Which of the following values falls within the normal range (mg/dL) of blood glucose?

75

What is the chief reason that many people with lactose intolerance can consume foods containing some lactose without suffering any symptoms?

A change occurs in the GI bacteria

Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods?

A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose

If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?

About 1 day

Among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

African Americans

Which of the following provides the least amount of lactose per serving?

Cheddar cheese

What type of nutrient is starch?

Complex carbohydrate

What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?

Condensation

What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America?

Corn

Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?

Bacteria

Which of the following is a characteristic of yogurt?

Bacteria in yogurt produce lactase

In a person with type 2 diabetes, which of the following foods would ordinarily promote the least favorable glycemic effect?

Baked potato

Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?

Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon

You have just finished a light breakfast of toast and jelly. Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?

Blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, glucose is taken up by the cells through the action of insulin, blood glucose levels decline, the pancreas releases glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose rises

Which of the following are characteristic of the conditions diabetes and hypoglycemia?

Both benefit from the inclusion of fiber-rich foods and consumption of smaller, more frequent meals

A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as

diabetic

What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?

fibers

All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except

fish

The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed

gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of

glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.

Typical dietary sources of carbohydrate include all of the following except

glycogen.

A person eating lots of white bread, white rice, and ready-to-eat cereals would have a diet with a glycemic index that is

high.

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed

hydrolysis.

A "functional fiber" is one that

is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.

All of the following are properties of fiber except

it elevates blood glucose levels.

Characteristics of dietary phytic acid include all of the following except

it is classified as a fiber.

Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except

lignins.

Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the

mouth.

In what organ is most of the body's glycogen found?

muscles

With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except

neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption.

The types of atoms found in a glucose molecule include all of the following except

nitrogen.

A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 101 mg/dL would be classified as

prediabetic.

A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's

protein.

The enzymes that digest dietary sugars are produced by the

small intestine.

The chief carbohydrate in beet sugar is

sucrose.

Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?

They are classified according to solubility in water

Which of the following is a feature of the pectins?

They are used to thicken jelly

What is the composition of maltose?

Two glucose units

Your nephew Jimmy, who is 10 years old, has been giving himself a shot in the thigh every day for the past year. He confides in you that he craves candy but was told by his parents that he can only eat sugar-free snacks. From which of the following conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer?

Type 1 diabetes

Which of the following is a common source of resistant starch?

Unripe bananas

Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?

Water

What is the staple grain of Canada, the United States, and Europe?

Wheat

Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?

White rice

After you and your friend Dolores share pretzels and animal crackers, she announces that she wants to start digesting her food by watching television. You inform Dolores that

carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth through the action of amylase, so she has already begun digesting the snacks.

All of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance except

constipation.

Among the following foods, which contains the lowest amount of lactose per serving?

American cheese- less than yogurt, ice cream, and donut

Which of the following enzymes does not act on simple sugars?

Amylase

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of fibers?

An example of a nonpolysaccharide fiber is hemicellulose


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