Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6

The epithelial tissue root sheath is the _________ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ________. A. inner; epidermis B. inner; dermis C. outer; epidermis D. outer; dermis

A. inner; epidermis

Drugs that are administered by skin patches tend to be _______ soluble molecules that are absorbed ________. A. lipid; slowly B. lipid; quickly C. water; slowly D. water; quickly

A. lipid; slowly

Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________. A. most common; head and neck B. third most common; head and neck C. most common; hands and ears D. third most common; hands and ears

A. most common; head and neck

To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage. A. parallel B. perpendicular

A. parallel

Early in the development of skin, ectoderm becomes A. periderm and mesoderm becomes mesenchyme. B. mesenchyme and endoderm becomes periderm. C. the vernix caseosa and mesoderm becomes the stratum basale. D. perichondrium and mesoderm becomes the vernix caseosa.

A. periderm and mesoderm becomes mesenchyme.

The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two. A. reticular, thicker B. reticular, thinner C. papillary, thicker D. papillary, thinner

A. reticular, thicker

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the A. shaft. B. root. C. bulb. D. papilla. E. alopecia.

A. shaft.

Granulation tissue is A. vascular connective tissue. B. avascular connective tissue. C. vascular epithelial tissue. D. avascular epithelial tissue.

A. vascular connective tissue.

Freckles are the result of A. melanocyte number and genetic inheritance. B. melanocyte number and sun exposure. C. melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure. D. melanocyte number, genetic inheritance, and diet. E. melanocyte activity and diet.

C. melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.

Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the A. hips and buttocks. B. abdomen, forearms, and hips. C. neck, abdomen, and buttocks. D. breasts, upper back, and buttocks.

C. neck, abdomen, and buttocks.

Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are A. produced by stratum basale keratinocytes, which effectively bind damaged skin parts together. B. produced by chondrocytes and made mainly of desmosomes. C. produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen. D. made by macrophages, which produce a dense granulation tissue. E. fully functional regenerations.

C. produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen.

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum: A. granulosum. B. lucidum. C. spinosum. D. basale. E. corneum.

C. spinosum.

While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in A. the cuticle of the hair shaft. B. the cortex of the hair shaft. C. the hair bulb. D. the hyponychium.

C. the hair bulb.

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to A. sound. B. light. C. touch. D. heat. E. cold.

C. touch.

Fine hair called _________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs. A. terminal B. lanugo C. vellus D. cuticle E. phalanx

C. vellus

The growth rate for a scalp hair is about _______ per day for 1.5 to 7 years, and then the hair becomes dormant. A. 1.3 mm B. 1.3 cm C. 1/30 mm D. 1/3 mm E. 3.1 mm

D. 1/3 mm

Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development. A. 2nd B. 3rd C. 5th D. 10th E. 16th

D. 10th

Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate. A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D E. Vitamin E

D. Vitamin D

Which of these are functions of hair? a: Sensory reception b: Heat retention c: Pheromone dispersal d: Protection e: Visual identification A. a, b, d B. a, d, e C. a, b, d, e D. a, b, c, d, e

D. a, b, c, d, e

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate A. a, c, d B. a, c, e C. a, b, d D. a, c, d, e E. a, b, c, d, e

D. a, c, d, e

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the A. external root sheath. B. internal root sheath. C. epithelial root sheath. D. arrector pili muscle. E. papilla.

D. arrector pili muscle.

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis. A. granulosum B. basale C. lucidum D. corneum E. spinosum

D. corneum

Another name for the skin is the _________ membrane. A. serous B. parietal C. mucous D. cutaneous E. visceral

D. cutaneous

The two types of leukocytes that clean up debris underneath the blood clot of a wound are A. keratinocytes and macrophages. B. Merkel cells and dendritic cells. C. dendritic cells and keratinocytes. D. macrophages and neutrophils. E. fibroblasts and neutrophils.

D. macrophages and neutrophils.

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include A. frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection. B. maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli. C. water regulation and vitamin synthesis. D. organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

D. organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

The function of melanin in the skin is to A. reduce water loss. B. prevent infections. C. help regulate body temperature. D. protect against UV light. E. keep the epidermis soft and pliable.

D. protect against UV light.

Within the body, carotene is converted to A. vitamin A, which is important for auditory function. B. vitamin E, which is important for auditory function C. vitamin E, which is important for visual function. D. vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

D. vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

Keratinocytes are A. the most abundant cell type in the epidermis. B. found throughout all epidermal strata. C. sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found. D. able to synthesize the protein keratin. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin? A. Heat B. Cold C. Pressure D. Vibration E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer? A. Adipose connective tissue B. Areolar connective tissue C. Dense irregular connective tissue D. Areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue E. Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

E. Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

Which is the actively growing part of the nail? A. Free edge B. Nail root C. Nail bed D. Nail folds E. Nail matrix

E. Nail matrix

Which is not a function of the integument? A. Protection B. Water loss prevention C. Temperature regulation D. Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor) E. No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

E. No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat? A. Beard B. Axillary region C. Nose D. Pubic region E. Scalp

E. Scalp

Among the components of the dermis are a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles A. a, b, d B. a, c, d C. a, b, d, e D. a, b, c, e E. a, b, c, d, e

E. a, b, c, d, e

Thick skin contains A. seven epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. B. five epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. C. four epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands. D. six epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. E. five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

E. five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is A. Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum B. Spinosum - granulosum - basale - lucidum - corneum C. Corneum - lucidum - granulosum - spinosum - basale D. Basale - granulosum - spinosum - lucidum - corneum E. Corneum - granulosum - lucidum - spinosum - basale

A. Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day? A. Blood vessels of the dermis constrict. B. Blood vessels of the dermis dilate. C. Blood vessels of the epidermis constrict. D. Blood vessels of the epidermis dilate.

A. Blood vessels of the dermis constrict.

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer? A. Exposure to UV light rays B. Advanced age C. Being a female D. Low skin hydration levels E. Using excessive sun block

A. Exposure to UV light rays

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis? A. Keratinized stratified squamous B. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous C. Keratinized stratified cuboidal D. Nonkeratinized stratitified cuboidal E. Transitional

A. Keratinized stratified squamous

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males? A. Terminal B. Lanugo C. Vellus D. Nonpigmented E. Pilus

A. Terminal

Although sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis, they eventually burrow and remain in the underlying dermis. A. True B. False

A. True

Apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat by having the apical portion of epithelial cells pinch off. A. True B. False

A. True

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables. A. True B. False

A. True

Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage lines tend to gape. A. True B. False

A. True

During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa. A. True B. False

A. True

Fingernails are helpful in protecting the distal tips of fingers and in grasping small objects. A. True B. False

A. True

Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed. A. True B. False

A. True

Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. A. True B. False

A. True

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries. A. True B. False

A. True

Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis. A. True B. False

A. True

One of the components of sweat is the nitrogenous waste urea. A. True B. False

A. True

Sebum has bactericidal properties. A. True B. False

A. True

The epidermal dendritic cells are able to play an important immune response role by their phagocytic activity. A. True B. False

A. True

The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals. A. True B. False

A. True

The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum. A. True B. False

A. True

The skin consists of different tissue types that perform specific activities and therefore is to be considered an organ. A. True B. False

A. True

The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body. A. True B. False

A. True

Normally, skin color results from a combination of a: melanin b: hemoglobin c: bilirubin d: carotene A. a, b, d B. a, c, d C. a, d D. a, b, c E. b, c, d

A. a, b, d

Which of these comprise the nail plate? a: Free edge b: Nail folds c: Eponchyium d: Nail root e: Nail body A. a, d, e B. a, b, d, e C. a, b, c, e D. a, c, d, e E. a, b, e

A. a, d, e

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________. A. about the same; no matter where they live B. a highly variable; irrespective of where they live C. a lower; if they live in colder climates of the northern hemisphere D. a higher; if they live in the warmer climates near the equator E. a higher; if they live in the southern hemisphere

A. about the same; no matter where they live

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland. A. apocrine B. merocrine C. ceruminous D. sebaceous

A. apocrine

One of the main dangers of burns is A. dehydration, as water can escape from the body. B. hyperthermia, as temperture regulation is very compromised. C. hypocalcemia, as blood ion levels are dramatically altered. D. respiratory infection, as body defenses are concentrated superficially.

A. dehydration, as water can escape from the body.

Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the A. dermal papillae. B. epidermal ridges. C. reticular connective tissue. D. epidermis proper. E. subcutaneous layer.

A. dermal papillae.

Another name for the cuticle is the A. eponychium. B. hyponychium. C. nail bed. D. nail matrix. E. nail root.

A. eponychium.

Compared to the young, elderly individuals have _______ epidermal dendritic skin cells. A. fewer B. more

A. fewer

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response. A. immune B. sensory C. tanning D. heating E. sweating

A. immune

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood? A. Friction ridges B. Capillary hemangiomas C. Cavernous hemangiomas D. Pili E. Nevi

B. Capillary hemangiomas

During aging of the integumentary system, sweat production increases as a result of improved sweat gland activity. A. True B. False

B. False

Sensory receptors in the dermis detect touch, temperature, and light. A. True B. False

B. False

Skin is an entirely waterproof barrier, preventing all gain or loss of fluid from the skin except sweat. A. True B. False

B. False

The ability of the components of the integumentary system to respond to stress or trauma is independent of nervous or endocrine system control. A. True B. False

B. False

The reason for the reddish tint seen in lightly pigmented skin is the molecule formed by the combination of oxygen and melanin. A. True B. False

B. False

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument. A. True B. False

B. False

Transpiration is another name for sweating. A. True B. False

B. False

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region. A. True B. False

B. False

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature? A. Vasodilation has occurred B. Vasoconstriction has occurred C. Purely psychological D. Dehydration of the stratum corneum E. Constriction of the dermal collagen and elastic fibers

B. Vasoconstriction has occurred

When exposed to ultraviolet light, keratinocytes convert a steroid precursor into ________, a molecule that is crucial for regulation of calcium levels. A. calcitriol B. cholecalciferol C. calcitonin D. creatine E. phosphorus

B. cholecalciferol

The epidermis derives from A. mesoderm. B. ectoderm. C. mesenchyme. D. granulation tissue.

B. ectoderm.

Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by A. Merkel cells. B. epidermal dendritic cells. C. melanocytes. D. keratinocytes.

B. epidermal dendritic cells.

Sebum is a secretion that A. cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs. B. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria. C. maintains water balance through waterproofing the skin. D. acts as a pheremone once reproductive maturity is reached.

B. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.

Cerumen is a secretion that A. lubricates vellus hairs and waterproofs the skin of the limbs. B. lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum. C. cools the body through water evaporation. D. tends to cause acne on the skin of the face. E. acts as a pheremone.

B. lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the A. stratum corneum. B. stratum basale of the epidermis. C. hypodermis. D. reticular layer. E. papillary layer of the dermis.

B. stratum basale of the epidermis.

Lines of cleavage are a result of A. the alignment of dermal papillae. B. the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis. C. the alignment of epidermal ridges. D. wounds to the epidermis such as hemangiomas.

B. the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis.

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin. A. thicker B. thinner

B. thinner

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of A. adipose tissue. B. reticular connective tissue. C. dense irregular connective tissue. D. nervous tissue. E. elastic connective tissue.

C. dense irregular connective tissue.