Anatomy and Physiology Chp. 13 (Pt. 1 and Pt. 2)

There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves.

-31

Vagus

-A mixed nerve that controls muscles of breathing and digestion (CN X)

What is needed to trigger a reflex?

-A stimulus

Which of the following is NOT true of the stretch reflex?

-Always occurs simultaneously with a cross-extensor reflex

White matter of the spinal cord is organized into...?

-Anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi

Which of the following is made up of a web of collagen and elastic fibers?

-Arachnoid Mater

Which cells help protect the brain by creating the blood-brain barrier?

-Astrocytes

Which is the plexus from which the radial and ulnar nerves originate?

-Brachial

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata make up the...?

-Brainstem

What is the function of a motor neuron in a reflex?

-Carries motor information from the spinal cord to an effector

The ____ is the bundle of spinal nerves beyond the inferior spinal cord.

-Cauda Equina

Which part of the brain helps maintain equilibrium and posture?

-Cerebellum

Which is the plexus from which the phrenic nerve originates?

-Cervical

The ____ is the inferior, cone-shaped tip of the spinal cord.

-Conus Medullaris

The epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus make up the...?

-Diencephalon

Which layer of meninges is the most superficial?

-Dura Mater

Which layer of meninges is the thickest and toughest?

-Dura Mater

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by...?

-Ependymal Cells

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a stationary fluid in the central nervous system and does not circulate. (True or False)

-False

Sensory neurons travel through the anterior root into the anterior horns of the spinal cord. (True or False)

-False

The corpus callosum separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. (True or False)

-False

The hypothalamus is very small and has only minor functions in the brain. (True or False)

-False

The limbic system is located anterior to the hypothalamus. (True or False)

-False

There are 5 lobes of the brain; two on the left hemisphere and 3 on the right hemisphere. (True or False)

-False

Which is NOT true of ventricles?

-Filled with air to cushion the brain

The ____ attaches the conus medullaris to the coccyx.

-Filum Terminale

Which term refers to the deep grooves as seen between the cerebrum and cerebellum or between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

-Fissures

There are ___ ventricles in the brain.

-Four

The most anterior lobe of the cerebrum is the ____.

-Frontal Lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls motor function, concentration, verbal communication, and personality?

-Frontal Lobe

Which term refers to a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

-Ganglion

Trigeminal

-General sensation from face, scalp, and teeth; controls muscles involved in chewing (CN V)

If a loud noice occurs behind you and you turn your head in the direction of the sound, you are displaying an auditory reflex and engaging the...?

-Inferior Colliculi

Which are the largest ventricles in the cerebrum?

-Lateral

Which part of the brain is involved in storing long-term memories associated with smell?

-Limbic System

Which separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

-Longitudinal Fissure

The nerves arising from the lumbar enlargement innervate the...?

-Lower Limb

Which is the region of the spinal cord that has an enlargement?

-Lumbar Region

Which part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?

-Medulla Oblongata

Which regulates the rate of your breathing and heart rate?

-Medullary respiratory center

The structures that come from the rhombencephalon are:...?

-Metancephalon

Oculomotor

-Most eye muscle movements, movements of eyelid and iris (CN III)

Facial

-Movement of the muscles of facial expression; taste sensation from the anterior tongue (CN VII)

Which lobe of the cerebrum receives vision information from the optic nerves?

-Occipital Lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum receives most of the general sensory information?

-Parietal Lobe

Cranial nerves are part of the...?

-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Which of the following is NOT a main nerve of the brachial plexus?

-Phrenic

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

-Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)

Which layer of meninges is attached to the surface of the spinal cord?

-Pia Mater

Which produces melatonin?

-Pineal Gland

Which part of the brainstem helps control the skeletal muscles needed for breathing?

-Pons

Which funiculus of the spinal cord contains only ascending sensory tracts that carry sensory information to the brain?

-Posterior

Which side of the spinal cord has a median sulcus?

-Posterior

Which contains a ganglion?

-Posterior Root

Which gyrus of the cerebrum is located on the frontal lobe and coordinates somatic motor movements?

-Precentral Gyrus

Which is NOT a characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

-Produced by oligodendrocytes

Which is a main function of the cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei)?

-Regulate motor output (muscle activity)

Which part of the brainstem controls your states of consciousness?

-Reticular Formation

Which is the plexus from which the sciatic nerve originates?

-Sacral

Which is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

-Sciatic Nerve

Olfactory

-Sensory for smell (CN I)

Optic

-Sensory for vision (CN II)

Melatonin functions in regulating...?

-Sleep-wake cycles

The sensation which is not translated by thalamus:...?

-Smell

Which is NOT one of the 4 major parts of the brain?

-Spinal Cord

Which space contains CSF?

-Subarachnoid Space

What area of the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid?

-Subarachnoid space

The shallow depressions between the ridges on the surface of the cerebrum are called...?

-Sulci

Which term refers to the ridges found on the outer surface of the cerebellum?

-Sulci?

Which lobe is located on the lateral sides of the cerebrum?

-Temporal Lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum receives most of the sensory information regarding hearing and smell?

-Temporal Lobe

The right side of the brain generally receives sensory information from and sends motor signals to...?

-The left side of the body

Which of the following is correct about dura matter?

-Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord

Which is NOT a plexus?

-Thoracic

Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has gray matter on the outside and white matter towards the inside. (True or False)

-True

Reflexes are all involuntary responses to a stimulus. (True or False)

-True

Somatic sensory nuclei (cells bodies of sensory neurons) are located in the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord. (True or False)

-True

The cerebral cortex is the outer surface of the cerebrum. (True of False)

-True

The cerebral cortex is the outer surface of the cerebrum. (True or False)

-True

The first and second ventricles are separated by a thin membrane called the septum pellucidum. (True or False)

-True

The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. (True or False)

-True

The gray matter is more superficial than white matter in the brain. (True or False)

-True

The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. (True or False)

-True

The insula is a lobe of the cerebrum that receives sensory information regarding taste (gustation). (True or False)

-True

White matter tracts (funiculi) of the spinal cord carry sensory information up to the brain and motor information down from the brain. (True or False)

-True

Select ALL the places CSF is found.

-Ventricles -Subarachnoid Space -Central Canal of the spinal cord

A funiculis is a region of _______ in the spinal cord.

-White Matter

The arbor vitae makes up the _____ of the cerebellum.

-White Matter

Pulling the arm back from a hot pan is an example of a ______ reflex.

-Withdrawal